Ethical failures in business

Ethical failures in business are not uncommon. Companies sacrifice even the simplest ethical principles for the sake of competitiveness and higher profits. Customer service professionals and salespeople often find themselves troubled by unethical values, with which they are bound to comply.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical failures in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer satisfaction is rightly considered as one of the weakest elements of corporate ethics: competition and market saturation place new demands on businesses. Pragmatism bordering on ethical absurdity often turns into the main instrument of retaining customers. Yet, unethical profits are never long-term. More often than not, customers do not accept unethical service and refuse to continue their relationships with unethical businesses. Therefore, organizations must build and sustain a healthy, ethical climate which will serve the b asic measure of customer satisfaction in the long run. Martha Wang has recently been appointed to Consumer Affairs Department of Herb’s Garden Products (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). She enjoys her job and is fascinated by the company’s commitment to environmental protection (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha believes that the company uses only natural, safe ingredients to produce and market fertilizers; however, one day a customer complains that Herb’s Special Fertilizer Mix has killed her dog (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha knows that Herb’s products are made of chicken manure and fish byproducts, but she heard of some secret ingredient, which is revealed to long-term employees (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha herself used the product and found several dead birds in that part of the garden where most fertilizer had been spread (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Her boss does not take this information seriously, whereas the owner tries to persuade her that the product is the com pany’s bestseller (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha is being torn between her ethical concerns and the need to comply with the organizational values and culture. Martha must take the most relevant ethical decision, but she faces a number of decision-making challenges. It should be noted, that the customer service professionals, as well as salespeople and marketing personnel, are often perceived as failing to handle many ethical dilemmas (Valentine Barnett, 2003). In this situation, institutionalization of ethics through codes of ethics and ethical procedures could solidify employees’ ethical intentions (Valentine Barnett, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Martha operates in the culture of ethical complacency which makes it difficult to take the most relevant decision. On the one hand, failure to handle the customer’s complaint may readily tu rn into an object of criminal investigation and a matter of ethical scandal. These scandals do not simply incur additional financial costs on businesses but expose prevalence of severe ethical misbehaviors in business (Formbrun Foss, 2004). On the other hand, Martha is bound comply with the cultural principles and workplace behavior expectations workplace at Herb’s: simply stated, she will have to persuade the customer that her concerns are invalid, since the product is made of natural ingredients and cannot cause any harm to people, pets, or other living beings. Otherwise, she may lose her job. Eventually, Martha cannot take the most relevant decision, unless she has the fullest information about the product and its ingredients. Apparently, Herb’s exemplifies an outcome-based organizational system, which evaluates only outcomes but does not regard how salespeople and the company itself achieve their business goals (Verbeke, Ouwerkerk Peelen, 1996). It goes without s aying that the state of ethics in outcome-based organizational systems is extremely poor (Verbeke et al, 1996). Such organizations sacrifice ethical and moral principles on the altar of financial profits (Bazela, 2010). For Martha, quitting her employment with the company will be the easiest and least troublesome solution. Yet, if that is the case, customers will be unaware of the dangers and risks of using Herb’s fertilizers. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Herb’s is actually a family business, and neither the owner nor Martha’s boss is willing to deal with the customer’s complaint. The best Martha can do is to file an official memo to the boss and the owner, trying to explain the risks and possible outcomes of ethical misbehaviors in organizations. First, the customer may file a lawsuit and demand compensation. Such a lawsuit will necessarily turn into a huge ethical scandal, which will disrupt the company’s reputation and m ay even lead the organization to bankruptcy. Second, the customer may file a complaint to government authorities which will reveal severe ethical and technical violations within the company. Again, the company’s future is under threat. Third, unethical profits are never long-term: the company must realize that competitiveness and profitability are impossible without a profound restructuring of the organizational culture at Herb’s. The company must inform its customers that the Fertilizer is dangerous to living beings and must be used with caution. Herb’s must rebuild its ethical culture; this is possible if a general code of ethics is created and implemented.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical failures in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process of cultural restructuring at Herb’s will not be smooth: employees and managers may resist and sabotage new rules and ethica l requirements. However, it is essential that these ethical and cultural initiatives come from within, before other stakeholders, including customers and the community, realize the hidden danger of Herb’s fertilizers and take a legal action against the company. Conclusion Ethical failures in business are not uncommon. The case of Martha Wang is a common example of how companies sacrifice ethical values on the altar of profitability. Martha faces several decision-making challenges. On the one hand, Martha must deal with the customer’s complaint. On the other hand, she is bound to comply with the rules and principles of organizational behavior at Herb’s. She even risks losing her job for noncompliance. In this situation, the best Martha can do is to file a memo explaining all possible consequences of ethical misbehaviors in organizations. Herb’s must rebuild its culture and implement a complex code of ethical conduct. The company must inform its customers t hat the fertilizer may be dangerous for other living beings and should be used with caution. References Bauer, T. Erdogan, B. (2011). Organizational behavior. Creative Commons. Web. Bazela, M. (2010). Customer satisfaction: The weakest link of business ethics.  Informacion Filosofica, VII(14), 110-118. Formbrun, C. Foss, C. (2004). Business ethics: Corporate responses to scandal.  Corporate Reputation Review, 7(3), 284-288. Valentine, S. Barnett, T. (2003). Ethics code awareness, perceived ethical values, and organizational commitment. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, XXIII(4), 359-367.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Verbeke, W., Ouwerkerk, C. Peelen, E. (1996). Exploring the contextual and individual factors on ethical decision making of salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(11), 1175-1187. This essay on Ethical failures in business was written and submitted by user Aspen Ashley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fatherhood essays

Fatherhood essays In her book Taking Sides, Ann Vail illustrates many issues plaguing our society today. Many of them are top priority issues that people immediately think of when they are asked what needs to be changed in the world today, or what problems are in the public eye. The issue I am concentrating on is Have Men Lost Their Sense of Fatherhood? This is the question to whether or not men still perform an active role in the raising of children. This could be in a two parent, conjugal family, or in a single parent family where the mother has custody. It questions whether or not men still take responsibility for children or if they are simply careless with whom they sleep and do not take responsibility if a child is born. It also takes into consideration whether the instance of fatherhood is lower across the socioeconomic playing field. Vail presents the two opposing viewpoints of David Blankenhorn, who takes the Yes view, with an excerpt from his book, America: Why Men Are Increasingly Viewed as Superfluous to Family Life; and Haya Stier and Marta Tienda, who take the No view, with their article, Are Men Marginal to the Family? Insights from Chicagos Inner City. Though both make good arguments I do not believe that Stier and Tienda present a strong, defendable case for the side that fatherhood is not declining. Their arguments seem to make excuses for why fathers are not providing as much and that fathers may be providing in other ways. However, they do not say how this actually helps make the sense of fatherhood present or stronger instead of just a new form of responsibility that is taken on by a biological parent. Due to this and preformulated ideas I am taking the side of Blankenhorn, in stating that the sense of fatherhood experienced by males in society today is indeed on a decline and though it does not effect all fathers (there are still some who are wonderful dads) I believe tha...

IT Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Strategic Planning - Essay Example As a human resource manager in the organization, it is important to develop the best IT strategic planning. It will align the organization’s daily activities with the human resource department. A good IT strategic plan will help the business fulfill its general business strategy.The business-driven priorities are important for a company to develop efficient IT strategic plans. For instance, if the most important priority is to increase sales targets, the priority could be used to create the following year’s technology. The human resource manager has to interview various business leaders in order to the technology’s plans.The organization has key business processes. The company builds and provides access to services. The company identifies high-quality goods and services. The identification begins at the lower stage of the company, up to the top level. The organization then supports teaching and learning of its employees. Such case is successful when the organizat ion provides funds and leaves for extension of studies. Additionally, the organization enables research. The top management has developed collections of research materials and provided experts who offer a high level of advice to the employees.The company has created an optimum business environment. It has ensured the customers enjoy the highest level of services. The management provides the employees with enhanced working spaces and environment that meet a variety of working styles and encourages working and research.

British Government Promises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

British Government Promises - Essay Example This paper stresses that  French gained control of Lebanon as well as Turkish Cilicia with Britain gaining Palestine, Jordan as areas of Bagdad and Persian Gulf. The agreement however failed to indicate complete ownership of the territories, but rather a complete control; through governmental and administrative levels.From this study it is clear that each of the three agreements had conflicts with the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence agreement evidenced in that the real cause for Britain making the agreement was never disclosed. The real cause was to help defeat the Ottoman Empire in the war that had become an ally of Germany (MacQueen,  2013). Conflict in the Sykes-Picot Agreement is evidenced in the fact that the allies focused on means of dividing the previous Arab lands among themselves as opposed to granting independence and the lands back to Arabs as promised. The Arabs therefore were left in the dark of the planned actions. The Balfour Declaration conflict results from givin g the land previously owned by Arabs to the Jews. Palestine declaration as home to the Jews served in fulfilling the interests of Jewish Zionists as keeping the promise made between Britain and Palestines when the Palestines were encouraged to revolt against the Ottoman Empire.  The reasons behind the British making these promises were based on selflessness and individual gain. Britain was wary of Germany and Ottoman Empire support for Germany and thus involved the Arabs to help in the war.

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL Essay

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL - Essay Example With more and more states, Texas included, passing laws making it illegal for immigrants here without papers to receive benefits, medical insurance becomes unavailable for these individuals and their families. Illegal immigrants coming into Texas are young and healthy workers, but as years pass, these workers have children, and grow older. This makes illegal immigrants have the same medical needs as average Americans. However, because of their illegal status, many of these individuals put off routine health care. Wolf (2008) suggests â€Å"For many illegal immigrants, the fear of deportation outweighs the pain of illness or injury, so they live with their afflictions rather than seeking help until their health problems become critical.† An example would by high blood pressure. Most Americans go to the doctor and are placed on medication. An illegal immigrant will live with high blood pressure until they have a heart attack or stroke. Wolf (2008) explains â€Å"Illegal immigrants can get emergency care through Medicaid, the federal-state program for the poor and people with disabilities. But they cant get non-emergency care unless they pay. They are ineligible for most other public benefits.† Since medical care is so high, many immigrants can only receive care through the emergency room. The organization that will be affected by the uninsured Texas illegal immigrants would be the taxpayers of Texas first and foremost, but then the emergency rooms around the state taking these individuals in. Money does not grow on trees. If the state of Texas runs out of money allotted for medical expenses for the uninsured, or with the new legislation passed making it illegal to give undocumented immigrants benefits, the hospitals take up the slack. Then hard choices must be made. Wolf (2008) states â€Å"The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston is considering denying cancer care to

Experiment for Cancer Risk Factors

Experiment for Cancer Risk Factors Curiouser and Curiouser The case-control method used to identify risk factors for cancers relies on prior knowledge about the possible link between the cancer and the risk factors. It is a powerful method as the following two cases show. Asbestos In the 1970s, a series of studies identified the risk factor for a rare form of lung cancer called mesothelioma. Case-control studies pinpointed the risk to certain professions: insulation installers, shipyard workers, etc. The statistical analysis pinpointed the risk factor to be exposure to asbestos. Subsequent tort litigation and government oversight precipitated a reduction in occupational exposures to asbestos, reducing the risk of mesothelioma. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic hormone prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s to prevent premature deliveries. In 1971, case-control studies found that women with vaginal and uterine cancer had not been exposed to estrogen directly, but their mothers had been. DES, the carcinogen, did not cause cancers to women treated with the drug, but it caused cancers to their daughter who were exposed to the drug in the womb. *** But what if the exposure responsible for the disease is unknown? A Test for Chemical Carcinogens Normally, a strain of Salmonella, a bacterial genus, cannot grow on galactose. But when exposed to certain chemicals, it could acquire a gene mutation that enables it to grow on galactose. By counting the number of growth-enabled colonies form, one can quantify the mutation rate in any experiment. In the late 1960s, Bruce Ames, a bacteriologist at Berkeley, used this technique to test thousands of chemicals on their capacity to create mutations in Salmonella, and created a catalog of mutagens chemicals that increased the mutation rate. He observed that chemicals that scored as mutagens tended to be carcinogens. Ames didnt know why mutagens could induce cancer. But he had demonstrated a practical way to find carcinogens. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) In the early 1970s, Baruch Blumberg, a biologist in Philadelphia, discovered that a human hepatitis virus can cause chronic inflammation that leads to cancer. In 1966, Blumberg discovered that individuals carrying the Au antigen (a blood antigen present in several Australian aboriginals) often suffered from chronic hepatitis. Upon further analysis, he found out that au was not a blood antigen but a viral protein floating in the blood. Blumbergs lab isolated the virus in the early 1970s, and called the virus hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV infection caused a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from acute hepatitis, to chronic cirrhosis in the liver, and to hepatocellular cancer. HBV is a live carcinogen capable of being transmitted from one host to another. By 1979, Blumberg and his team had found a vaccine for HBV. The vaccine cannot cure the cancer, but it can reduce the incidence of HBV infection. Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) In 1979, at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren wanted to investigate the cause of gastritis. Patients with gastritis are   predispose to peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. Warren believed that gastritis was caused by a yet unknown species of bacteria. But he was ridiculed by mainstream doctors who did not believe any bacteria could live in the stomach. To prove his point, Marshall and Warren set out to culture the bacteria using brushings from patients with ulcers. But no bacteria grew out. Over a busy Easter weekend in 1982, Marshall had forgotten to examine the culture dish for bacteria for a few days. When he remembered and went to examine them, he found bacteria colonies growing out in the dish. Warren and Marshall called it Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). To prove H. Pylori caused gastritis, they inoculated pigs with the bacteria. But the pigs did not get ulcers. In 1984, after failed attempts to infect piglets, Marshall fasted until 10 am and then drank a Petri dish containing cultured H. Pylori, expecting to develop an ulcer. Within a few days, Marshall was violently ill, and diagnosed with gastritis. H. pylori was indisputably the cause of gastritis. By the late 1980s, several epidemiological studies had linked H. pylori-induced gastritis with stomach cancer. Randomized trials run on the western coast of Japan showed that antibiotic treatment reduced gastritis and gastric ulcers, and reduced the incidence of gastric cancer. But the it would not cure the cancer once manifested. A Spiders Web If cancer truly transitioned from a precursor lesion precancer to its full-blown form slowly, and methodically, then perhaps one could intervene by attacking its precancer, thwarting the progression of the cancer at its earlier stages. There are two forms of prevention. In primary prevention, you prevent a disease by attacking its cause. For example, stop smoking for lung cancer, or a vaccine against HBV for liver cancer. In secondary prevention, you prevent a disease by screening for its early presymptomatic stage. Pap smear and mammography (discussed below) are examples of secondary preventions. The Pap Smear Secondary Prevention for Cervical Cancer George Papanicolaou, a Greek physician, arrived in New York in 1913. After a few months selling carpets, he found a research position at Cornell University studying the menstrual cycle of guinea pigs. He found that cells shed by the guinea pig cervix could foretell the stages of the menstrual cycle. By the late 1920s, Papanicolaou had extended his technique to human patients.   In 1928, he reported that uterine cancer could be diagnosed by means of a vaginal smear. But the importance of his work was not recognized. Between 1928 and 1950, Papanicolaou delved into his smears ferociously. He became known for his invention of the Papanicolaou test, commonly known as the Pap smear or Pap test. He knew normal cervix cells change in step-wise fashion in time. Might cancer cells also change in a slow stepwise way from normal to malignant? Could he identify intermediate stages of cancer? A thought occurred to him at a Christmas party in 1950. The real use of the vaginal smear was not to find cancer, but to detect its precursor. In 1952, Papanicolaou convinced the NCI to launch a clinical trial of secondary prevention using his smearing technique. In the cohort of about 150,000, 555 women had invasive cervical cancer, while 557 had preinvasive lesions. Early stage preinvasive lesions were curable by a simple surgery. The women with preinvasive lesions had no symptoms. Had they not been tested, they would never have suspected they would develop cervical cancer. The average age of diagnosis of women with preinvasive lesions was about 20 years younger than women with invasive lesions. The Pap smear would detect cervical cancers at an early stage while it is still curable 20 years before they become invasive, giving women a chance to treat it before it evolves into cancer. Mammograms Secondary Prevention for Breast Cancer In 1913, Albert Salomon, a German surgeon, performed a study on 3,000 mastectomies. He studied the X-rays of the amputated breasts after mastectomies to detect the shadowy outline of cancer. Salomon called his technique mammography. He was able to establish the difference as seen on an X-ray image between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. But his studies were interrupted by the Nazis in the mid-1930s. He lived in a concentration camp until 1939 when escaped the camps to Amsterdam and vanished underground. Mammography, as he called his technique, languished in neglect. By mid-1960s, with radical surgery being challenged, mammography re-enter X-ray clinics, championed by radiographers such as Robert Egan. Egans mammograms could now detect tumors as small as a grain of barley. But would screening women to detect such early tumors save lives? HIP Trial In 1963, three men set out to investigate whether screening asymptomatic women using mammography would improve mortality from breast cancer. The three men were Louis Venet, a surgeon; Sam Shapiro, a statistician; and Philip Strax, an internist. They wanted a randomized, prospective trial using mortality as an end point to test mammography. The trial, launched in December 1963, was kept simple. Women enrollees in the New York Health Insurance Plan (HIP) between 40 and 64 years old were divided into two groups. One group was screened with mammography, and the other not. If a tumor was detected by mammography, the women would be treated according to the conventional treatment available at that time. In 1971, the initial findings of the trial were remarkable. 62,000 women participated; about half had been screened by mammography. There had been 31 deaths in the mammography group and 52 deaths in the control group. The percentage reduction in mortality from screening was about 40 percent. Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project The positive results of the HIP trial prompted the American Cancer Society to launch a called the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP). The project, backed by Mary Lasker and virtually every cancer organization in America, intended to screen 250,000 women in a single year. Problems with the HIP study As the BCDDP forged ahead, people were casting doubts over the HIP study. The study had a potential flaw. They had decided to exclude women with prior breast cancer. So they dropped women who had had cancer from each group. But they may have over-corrected: more patients with prior cancer were dropped from the screened group. Critics now charged that the excess mortality in the control group was due to the fact that it was mistakenly overloaded with patients with prior breast cancer. The Canadian Trial In Canada, researchers launched their own mammography trial in 1980. But there was a flaw with the study: a woman was randomized after her medical history and examination. The allocations that emerged after the nurse interviews were no longer random. Women with abnormal breast were disproportionately assigned to the screened group. That explains why the results of the CNBSS were markedly negative: The breast cancer mortality of women in the screened group was higher than the unscreened group. Malmà ¶ Mammographic Study In 1976, 42,000 women enrolled in the Malmà ¶ Mammographic Study. Half of the cohort was screened yearly, and the two groups have been followed closely ever since. In 1988, the study reported its results. Women older than 55 had benefited from screening, with a reduction in breast cancer mortality by 20 percent. Younger women had no benefit from screening. In 2002, an analysis combining the experience over fifteen years was published in the Lancet. In aggregate, for women aged 55 to 70, mammography screening had resulted in 20 to 30 percent reductions in breast cancer mortality. But for women under 55, the benefit was negligible.

The Character of Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet

The Character of Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Old Mr. Prynne began his new life in the town of Boston as the Physician Roger Chillingworth. The moment he arrived, the town deemed him intelligent and mild mannered; he always seemed pleasant although a little odd. Throughout the seven years he remained in Boston, his character changed so dramatically from admirable to evil that even those who did not know him personally seemed to notice an evil nature deep within his soul trying to break free. Chillingworth stood with Hester Prynne within the confines of the prison, talking with her about how he would go about finding her lover. He says to her, "I shall seek this man, as I have sought truth in books; as I have sought gold in alchemy. There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him" (pg. 70). As any man who found their wife to be adulterous, Chillingworth reacted with a fairly normal response- although angry and wanting revenge, he did not react totally unreasonably. After this talk with Hester between the prison walls, Chillingworth makes it his personal goal to find Hester's lover; no sudden change had occurred within Chillingworth, although over a few months his demeanor beings to change. Even though Hester has many other issues on her mind, while she is at the Governor's house, she notices without hesitation that Chilingworth's demeanor has made a drastic change. While Dimmesdale and Governor Bellingham are trying to decide the fate of Pearl and where she will remain during her lifetime, Hester glances at Chillingworth, who happens to be stand... ...ing to us a character like Chillingworth, Hawthorn creates a villain that one has to think whether he/she hates Chillingworth or feels as though he's a victim of circumstance. Without directly telling us that others influence our lives in such a powerful way, Hawthorne conveys this idea through Chillingworth and Chillingworth's effect on those around him. Because of Chillingworth, the reader gets to see how a person who is not necessarily an evil man to begin with, can become so corrupt that even those around him view him as the Devil's worker. By putting a character like Chillingworth in his book, Hawthorne is able to show how religion had a big influence over the people during that time period. Even though Chillingworth harassed Hester and Dimmesdale, the two were more afraid of their fates after death, than Chillingworth during their lifetimes.

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay

Rose (1992) has accused psychology of â€Å"Engineering the Human Soul† (p. 351). This is a very odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it. Indeed, even the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas controlling all sorts of human attributes, found an area for â€Å"spirituality† (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that â€Å"moral law is implanted in our brains by God† (p. 6). Nonetheless, despite psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with other critics of psychological research, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of individual differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure intelligence, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education. Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter & Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to have a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a â€Å"paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological ‘test’ . . . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is â€Å"the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference† (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in most textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as â€Å"the science of behavior and mental processes† (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004). Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines – and also came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004). Despite the embarrassment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left-hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively). These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral (usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch & Springer, 1999). Later research, using equipment such as evoked potentials, was conducted using samples from the general population. The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of most tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch & Springer, 1999). However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people – and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundt’s establishment of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes: â€Å"On a December day in 1879 . . . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychology’s first experiment† (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began – and ended – with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual Differences One important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that main effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing. Galton’s definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwin’s evolutionary theory of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individual’s survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power. From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely dominating members of less powerful groups (Braudel & Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as â€Å"everybody always has to have somebody to dump on† (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance one’s chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?

Free Essays on Points About Education

Education Questions 1. Identify at least two things teachers could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework and other academic activities.  § Teachers often try to help students by parent involvement. Parent involvement is a key part of the education process. A teacher’s work could be in vain if not sustained in the home. One way a teacher could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework would be to send home assignments to incorporate the family. For example, if the class is studying history, the teacher can send home a â€Å"family scavenger hunt†. The student could then research their family history by questioning parents, grandparents, brother and sisters. Another good way to incorporate parents into the academic process is to send home a logbook. This logbook could have a spot for signatures of the parent to make them accountable for their child’s homework. This process could be a weekly or bi-weekly process. Also, you could send home a letter, send home students work frequently, invite parents to visit to participate in classroom activities. 2. Where do you think most new teaching positions will occur, in schools populated by students from upper, middle, or lower SES backgrounds? Why?  § SES is an â€Å"indicator that combines parents’ incomes occupations, and levels of education† (Kauchak, 111). SES is expressed in three stages: lower, middle, and upper. For any teacher, a lower SES populated school is a challenge: â€Å"children come to school without a sense of safety and security, so they are not as well-equipped to tackle school–related tasks† (Kauchak, 116). For this reason (trial for a new teacher), one would believe that more positions would be open within a low-SES populated school. 3. What are some possible ways that poverty can influence learning?  § Poverty can influence a students learning in many ways. Many poverty stricke... Free Essays on Points About Education Free Essays on Points About Education Education Questions 1. Identify at least two things teachers could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework and other academic activities.  § Teachers often try to help students by parent involvement. Parent involvement is a key part of the education process. A teacher’s work could be in vain if not sustained in the home. One way a teacher could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework would be to send home assignments to incorporate the family. For example, if the class is studying history, the teacher can send home a â€Å"family scavenger hunt†. The student could then research their family history by questioning parents, grandparents, brother and sisters. Another good way to incorporate parents into the academic process is to send home a logbook. This logbook could have a spot for signatures of the parent to make them accountable for their child’s homework. This process could be a weekly or bi-weekly process. Also, you could send home a letter, send home students work frequently, invite parents to visit to participate in classroom activities. 2. Where do you think most new teaching positions will occur, in schools populated by students from upper, middle, or lower SES backgrounds? Why?  § SES is an â€Å"indicator that combines parents’ incomes occupations, and levels of education† (Kauchak, 111). SES is expressed in three stages: lower, middle, and upper. For any teacher, a lower SES populated school is a challenge: â€Å"children come to school without a sense of safety and security, so they are not as well-equipped to tackle school–related tasks† (Kauchak, 116). For this reason (trial for a new teacher), one would believe that more positions would be open within a low-SES populated school. 3. What are some possible ways that poverty can influence learning?  § Poverty can influence a students learning in many ways. Many poverty stricke...

Ethics Essays

Ethics Essays Ethics Essay Ethics Essay When an attorney agrees to represent a client the attorney and the client create a responsibility of confidentiality. This is so that the client can feel free to speak about all the facts of the case with the lawyer without fear of repercussion. After the case Is over this responsibility of confidentiality does not end. Is as if we would say that after a patient walks out of the doctors office the doctor is now able to talk about the patients health problems freely with others. In order for an attorney to speak about influences of a client in a book an attorney must be granted consent by the client and or the identity of the client nor anything that Identifies a client can be directed in the book towards the true client. 2. If I lived In a Jurisdiction that followed the model rules of professional conduct, It would be my ethical duty to report the probability of this client harming his sister. It is the ethical responsibility that unless great danger or harm to oneself or others can be avoided by revealing the information must remain confidential. . Since the Smiths are going through a divorce and I have the accessibility of keeping the information of my client confidential, The accountant calling in regards of the Income tax files will have to try and get the Information from Mr.. Smith himself. There Is no way that I can verify that this Is truly the accountant of Mr.. Smith. The only person that can ask for their files at that point In time would be Mr.. Smith himself. 4. Clients lie all the time while under oath. It is not the lawyers responsibility to bring this to the courts light. It is the responsibility of the lawyer to not deceit the court while representing the client and presenting the evidence at hand. 7. The client- attorney privilege only protects the essence of a communication made In confidence between a client and a lawyer when the client Is seeking legal advice or representation. Information from other sources given by the client to the lawyer does not make that information protected. Under the ethical duty of confidentiality, any information relating to the representation of a client is protected as confidential. 8. When is said that paralegals are subject to the principle of the client- attorney privilege, it is meant that paralegals must also abide by the rules and regulations that lawyers follow under this rule. . First of and foremost a paralegal can always turn to the attorney who they are employed under for guidance. It Is the duty of the attorney who has employed this paralegal to ensure that the paralegal Is fully aware of the rules and obligations they have. The paralegal can also seek counsel from the paralegal association of their state. Page 101 102 1 1 en model rules AT professional conduct state Tanat Dilatation required Day an attorney to follow pertaining to conflict of interest. The national Federation of Paralegal Associations gives a detail list of the rules and regulations to which a Raleigh must abide by. 3. Representation of two parties that are going through a legal matter by one single attorney should be avoided at all costs because it can lead to disaster. In this case the attorney should not represent both Betty and Allan because if a problem evolves during the transaction, Élans attorney would have information of both clients that can harm the representation in a potential case. 5. In this case being that my spouse has direct contact with one of the parties the firm has recently made a client off of, it would be a conflict of interest if I became the paralegal of this case. The reasoning behind this is that I might be bias to the case in favor of the sporting goods store since my wife has contact with them or I may know more information then the client wishes to reveal. 7. In this case my firm can represent Kevin because it is two completely different auto shops and my firm has never dealt with either party. Each party is a new client to the law firm and the law firm has no previous knowledge of their history. 9. No, Sarah cannot represent a client to which her husband is the attorney of the opposing client. This would cause a great conflict of interest.

Environmental science question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental science question - Essay Example Additionally, the government must consider that very many people or farmers are opposed to the idea of incentives; thus, it would be proper if for the government to abolish the idea completely. Notably, if the government introduces the incentive plan to farmer, it is lively to fail since many farmers will not join such schemes. 2. Why are people willing to accept the hazards of certain activities (such as smoking) but not of other activities (such as radiation from nuclear testing)? Certain hazards are bearable while others are not. The hazards can be controlled by human being and targeted only to the personals initiating them are considered bearable; hence, for instance, smoking is a single person driven and it cannot affect a vast are or many people at once. On the other hand, hazards related to nuclear testing may be unbearable since the radiation emitted from the same are likely to affect a vast area and may last for quite some period (Chiras, 2013). Therefore, nature oriented ha zards may be out of control of human control; thus, it is always advisable that the same must be avoided at all costs. Moreover, such nature related hazards may affect other thing or natural resources, environment, and human nature as it could have been the original intension. 8.1. Discuss the negative effects of pollutants on crops, forests, and other materials. The effects of pollution vary enormously depending on the source of such population and the area it pollutes. However, plants and crops are affected majorly from air pollution. Dust pollution is usually generated from bear grounds, quarries, and cement works among other industrial activities usually affects crops and other materials from the surface. Other than blocking sun rays, the dust usually blocks stomata thereby hindering their carbon dioxide conductance; hence, interfering with plant or crops’ photosystem II. Pollutant gases like sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen usually interfere with the growth and dev elopment of plants and crops in different ways. For instance, the oxides of both metals usually enter the plants’ leaves through the stomata from which they follow the same diffusion pathway as carbon dioxide (Chiras, 2013). The oxides of nitrogen then dissolves in the cells giving rise to nitrite ions and nitrate ions that interferes with nitrogen metabolism as opposed to if they could have been absorbed through the plants’ roots. Additionally, sulphur di-oxide usually causes stomata closure leading to withering of the plants especially crops. 2. Discuss the attributes of successful recycling programs. Many recycling programs usually fail because of poor recycling or recycling container design. Therefore, effective recycling programs can only be achieved by first specifying the intended material or materials to be recycled before purchasing such materials or containers. Moreover, such containers must be designed properly and must be ergonomically correct. Nonetheless, the recycling containers must also be designed with several but relevant considerations in mind. Other than the recycling container, recycling program will only be successful if the program first consider and understand the type of the material they intend to recycle (Chiras, 2013).

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History - Assignment Example The main action that Bismarck took to bring about the unification of Germany was to rev up nationalism in the various states and to seek war with France, which he felt would unify the Germanic people against an external enemy. He was proved correct in this. The southern German states were afraid of France and signed an alliance with Prussia The war and victory brought people together. He also goaded Austria into war. He also expanded the railway lines which brought states closer together. He also ignored the legislature and raised taxes which allowed for a bigger army. Cavour took similar action involving transport and also pursued conflicts which unified people. He raised taxes and revenues which allowed Piedmont to expand. War with Austria, which Cavour helped provoke, eventually led other Italian state to overthrow their government and work more closely with Piedmont, thereby helping to bring about unification. I.D. the following terms in paragraph format. Make sure you include AL L INFORMATION from the book: Do NOT just copy from the book. You must put these in your own words. (worth 10 points each) 1. Class struggle: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat In a Marxist view of class struggle there are two main classes. The bourgeoisie are the merchant middle class who have enough money to live comfortably. The Proletariat are the working class who are being exploited.