Farther and Further - Glossary of Usage

Farther usually refers to physical distance. Further refers to an extension of time or degree. But see the usage notes below. Examples We drove farther south, making excellent time on the almost empty roads.The meeting ended without any plans for further discussions.We traveled farther in one week than any of us had expected. The trip took us even further into debt. Usage Notes Since the Middle English period many writers have used farther and further interchangeably. According to a relatively recent rule, however, farther should be reserved for physical distance and further for nonphysical, metaphorical advancement. Thus 74 percent of the Usage Panel prefers farther in the sentence If you are planning to drive any farther than Ukiah, youd better carry chains, and 64 percent prefers further in the sentence We wont be able to answer these questions until we are further along in our research. In many cases, however, the distinction is not easy to draw. If we speak of a statement that is far from the truth, for example, we should also allow the use of farther in a sentence such as Nothing could be farther from the truth. But Nothing could be further from the truth is so well established as to seem a fixed expression.(farther, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000)Farther and Further are historically the same word, so it is not surprising that the two have long been used more or less interchangeably. . . .As adjectives, both words could at one time be used in the sense additional. . . .But in present-day English further has taken over this use entirely. . . .Farther has been relegated as an adjective to instances where either literal or figurative distance is involved. . . .And even in this function further is presenting formidable competition. . . .So for the adjective we can see that further has squeezed farther out of the additional sense and is giving it considerable pressure in the more distant sense. . . .In adverbial use further dominates when there is no sense of distance and as a sentence adverb, but both farther and further are in flourishing use whenever spatial, temporal, or metaphorical distance is involved. (farther, further, Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994)No one misuses farther for further, and youre safe with further provided that you dont apply it to distance. Several usage critics have even predicted that further will eventually absorb the meaning more distant, driving farther into extinction. (Claire Kehrwald Cook, Line by Line: How to Edit Your Own Writing. Houghton Mifflin, 1985) Practice (a) We need to explore this problem ______. (b) Simon walked ______ into the woods. See Also Avoid These 10 Words in Formal Writing.Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words Answers to Practice Exercises (a) We need to explore this problem  further. (b) Simon walked  farther  into the woods.

The End Of The Civil War Essay - 1090 Words

Ausbrooks 1 Nick Ausbrooks English 11 Mr. Lara/Mr. Doyle Dec 7 2016 Fords Theatre The end of the civil war was drawing near, and Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America was looking forward to the reconstruction of his country. He went out for a play at Fords Theatre. While enjoying the play he was shot in the back by an assassin . This assination changed the future of America, and affects us today. At the end of the Civil War there were very different plans for reconstructing the nation were offered. Had Lincoln lived history would have different. The assassination of Lincoln, however, left Andrew Johnson, a Southerner and former slave owner with no college education. After the Civil War congress was controlled by a group called the Radical Republicans. Lincoln was able to control them and had proposed a plan for reconstruction that looked to treating the South more like a lost brother returning home. Lincoln looked to reconstruction as a time of healing. The Radical Republicans, however, looked at reconstruction as an opportunity to teach the South a lesson and to punish them. In 1866 Congress passed the Wade Davis Bill which called for rather draconian Reconstruction measures. Lincoln vetoed the bill but the debate Ausbrooks 2 raged. Lincoln would have been able to maintain control the Radical Republicans, at least that is what is thought to be true. Lincoln s death, however, left a blank space inShow MoreRelatedThe End Of The Civil War796 Words   |  4 Pagesgave up the Confederate’s capital of Richmond. (Farmer, 2016) This has been marked throughout history as the end of the Civil War. The war was over before it ever began. Not to make this sound all one sided, meaning that the Union had all the advantages. The Confederate Army had many of their own advantages. The South was made up of 750,000 square miles, which held most of the Army’s War Colleges. Southern gentleman made for better Soldiers as a results of them being all farmers, hunters, andRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War792 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Henry Woodfin Grady gave his speech in December of 1886 it had been right around twenty years since the end of the Civil War. The Civil War was the deadliest war in A merican history and happened due to the clear split in lifestyle and values between the North and the South. Grady compares the North and the South to the Puritans and Cavaliers. These two groups of people had completely different lifestyles and values. He acknowledges that the two groups eventually had to come together just likeRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1073 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Douglass once said â€Å"What a change now greets us! The Government is aroused, the dead North is alive, and its divided people united†¦The cry now is for war, vigorous war, war to the bitter end, and war till the traitors are effectually and permanently put down† (Allen, 2005). In 1861, the start of the Civil War was needed by the Confederacy and the Union. Ever since the American Revolution and the birth of the United States, seventy-eight years earlier, there were many disagreements thatRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1568 Words   |  7 PagesThere were many factors that contributed to the beginning of the Civil War. Socially, the North and South were built on very different standards. The North was known as the â€Å"free-states† in which they had more immigrants settling in its boundaries. In the North labor was very much needed, within this time it is important to understand that in terms of labor, labor of slaves was not needed. Not in that way. Therefore, the North was made up of a more industrialized society where most people workedRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1577 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the end of the Civil War, the most challenging, and equally important task for the federal government of the US was to reconstruct the defeated South and establish equality for the African Americans. A highly debated and crucial topic in this time period was the rights of the free black men to vote. â€Å"The goal of Reconstruction was to readmit the South on terms that were acceptable to the North –full political and civil equality fo r blacks and a denial of the political rights of whites who wereRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the American Civil War, African Americans believed that their lives would improve. The Union had won the war, and the United States was whole again. There was hope, and above all, they were finally free. Even things were changing inside the government. Before the Civil War ended, Abraham Lincoln realized the states needed to have government officials loyal to the Unionist cause if the war was to end. So, after encouraging Arkansas to ratify a new state constitution in 1864, Arkansas citizensRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1228 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the Civil War, the fact that slavery was abolished might seem to be the end of the story; however, the problems derived from the abolishment of slavery had yet to be addressed. During the Reconstruction Era, these problems were reflected on the political, social, and economic aspects. Which played s everal major roles in shaping America from the late nineteenth into the twentieth centuries.These three aspects, political, social, and economical, affected one another so much that they were inseparableRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War, fought from 1861 thru 1865, not only divided the nation into north and south but also became the bloodiest war in American history with over 600,000 casualties. Furthermore, ties between the already unpopular President Abraham Lincoln and congress, to include majority of his cabinet, broke making it ever more evident the discontent of the political body with the decisions the president would make in the months leading to the end of the war. As the war came to an end and the roadRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1432 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the Civil War, the Government acquired the task of reassembling the country in a way that would not destroy the peace that had come since the war’s end. Rec onstruction centered around striking a balance between the rights of African Americans and white Southerners in order to create a sense of equality in America. Before his untimely death in 1865, Lincoln had begun the task of putting the country back together with the 10% plan. He aimed to pardon every southern Confederate, and readmitRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1807 Words   |  8 Pages The end of the Civil War should have signified the end of slavery as well; however, this was far from the truth. President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation referred to only slaves within the southern states (Byng). African Americans found themselves no longer bound to their plantation homes, but they also found themselves without the means or rights needed to make new lives. Many of the attitudes and discriminatory practices present prior to the Civil War were still in effect and continued

Directress Free Essays

Montessori is not simply a method of teaching children to read; it is a philosophy of life! Montessori Method for education is fundamentally based on an educational approach towards a model of human development. By human development we mean the development psychology of a human being, that is, the innate quality of any human to learn through their experiences. Montessori’s education method called for free activity within a â€Å"prepared environment†, meaning an educational environment tailored to basic human characteristics and to the specific characteristics of children at different ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Directress or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since the Montessori Method is so unlike other educational methods, it follows that the Montessori teacher is in fact not a teacher at all, Dr. Maria Montessori called her a DIRECTRESS. In her years of observations, Dr. Montessori used the word ‘DIRETTORESSA’ taken from the Italian word ‘DIRETTORE’ which when looking into the meaning of the word is less about telling people what to do but more about steering people in the right direction. According to Dr. Montessori a directress’ role is to be an ardent observer with the goal to intervene the least as the child develops. Related article: Montessori Practical Life Essay The directress creates an environment of calm, order and joy in the classroom and is there to help and encourage the children in all their efforts, allowing them to develop self-confidence and inner-discipline. With the younger students at each level, the teacher is more active, demonstrating the use of materials and presenting activities based on an assessment of child’s requirements. Knowing how to observe constructively and when and how much, to intervene, is one of the most important talents a directress acquires. A directress has to be very careful in praising a child. She should respond to a child’s enthusiastic approach of working at the same time she should praise the child in a way that it gets motivated through her interest rather than seeking her merit or approval. In short a directress should channelize the child’s capabilities in the right direction order to make them a self-understanding, knowledgeable, independent and a developed adult. The role of a directress with respect to teaching the child is an inactive one, the active learning must come from the child and it’s the duty of the directress to bring the child’s activeness in learning and exploring new things. They are constantly experimenting, modifying the environment to meet their perception of each child’s needs and interests and objectively noting the results. The directress’ work is to ‘guide’ the child, be like a second parent to all the children in her class. In most cases Montessori teachers are the first motherly figure that a child meets outside their homes. That’s why it is compulsory for the teacher to take on, not only the role of a teacher, but a second mother- like position too. She explains the child, in an understanding and calm manner. She is patient with them when they do something wrong. She allows the child to choose his own activity rather than force him into something in which he had no interest and also motivating them to keep the material back in place, so that the child respects his environment. If the child is afraid, she handles the child in a calm-composed manner to ease the child’s fear. The directress also makes it a point to make all the children comfortable with each other to maintain a positive environment in the class and to build a positive attitude in the child and encourage social interaction. She handles disputes, without being bias. She offers support when a child lacks confidence. â€Å"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed. † â€Å"Free the child’s potential and you will transform him into the world. † The directress acts as an active-link between the child and the â€Å"prepared environment† in a sense that all the materials and apparatus are kept in their accurate places in the class. The intellectual ability of a child that is revealed during the tender age of the child should be respected in all its aspects. It is like a flower that has just started to bloom. The Montessori teacher’s work in preparing the classroom together with her interactions among the children enables her to provide the children the most positive means by which they can absorb the environment. The greatest sign of success for a teacher is to exclaim, â€Å"The children are now working as if I do not exist†. Montessori uses the term ‘normalization’ to describe this unique process a child experiences in the classroom. A normalized child is â€Å"one who has overcome himself and lives in peace and harmony with the environment preferring disciplined tasks to futile idealness. She believed that children are born with innate capacities for self-governance which should develop freely. She also said that the greatest barriers to development of these natural instincts in children are adults. Thus the classroom must provide activities and motives for Normalization to occur. This is due to the fact that Normalization emerges as a result of deep concen tration. The materials chosen by the children will emerge the, and lead them to self-discovery and awareness. Ultimately, it is the directress’ role as the ‘dynamic link’ which allows the process of normalization to occur. One must not forget, however, that it cannot occur immediately. The teacher must also prepare herself for a period of practice which may take many years. The ‘spiritually prepared’ teacher will recognize this critical factor, and through her practice as an observer of children, can further observe the spiritual growth within herself. The role of the directress is therefore, â€Å"to watch with humble reverence, day by day, the spontaneous unfolding of the children’s lives; seeking always to remove obstacles, both internal and external from their path, whilst she guides with science and sympathy the irrepressible energies of life†. The spiritually prepared teacher will do so with a joyous heart. Only then can the most important factor in her role can be established, that is, to see the child for who he really is. The reason a Montessori teacher is called a directress is that she directs her children to a path where they want to go rather than simply teaching them the basic rules of living or transfer knowledge to them. The children are independent of the directress and explore the world according to their wish. They need the directress only in case they get stuck somewhere or they have problem in understanding anything rather than having a teacher who imparts knowledge to the child just because he have to know that. School teachers have a formal outlook towards their career whereas a directress can survive in this place only if she puts her heart filled with love into her career. How to cite Directress, Essay examples

Tfactors Affecting Product Marketing

Question: Write an essay about the "tfactors affecting product marketing". Answer: Section I 1.1 Introduction Marketing is a process that is used by the companies to create the communication with the consumers and the process of increasing the value of the company before the consumers with raising the demand of their products in the market (Gohary, 2012). In this process of marketing the organisations has to face many problems internally and externally. Therefore, every organisation has to concentrate on the factors that affect the marketing of the product. According to Alon, Jaffe and Vianelli, (2013), there are two types of factors that affect a products marketing procedure. The external forces are cannot be controlled by any company or organisation. The factors that affect the marketing of any product are mainly the competition, natural forces, social and cultural forces, government policies, demographic factors and technological changes (Evanschitzky et al. 2012). These factors can change a products image in the market. Apart from this, there are some internal factors too that also influ ences the marketing of any product. These factors are profitability, production capacity, demand of the product, production costs, government rules and regulations, objectives and policies of the organisation etc (Sun, 2014). If an organisation fails to identify the factors whether internal or external then the company will loss for the particular product for using wrong marketing policies. In this research proposal, the researcher is selecting the product of Apple, which has faced some problems regarding the marketing. The iPhone S6 Gold has faced the problems regarding the external and internal factors in the time of marketing. This phone has faced the problem regarding its pricing policy that was very high for the customers of middle class segment (Alexander, 2016). In the case of this phone, the company has set a price level that is not affordable by all the customers and therefore in the time of marketing the target market or the segmentation of their customers became very small. According to Ifrach and Johari, (2014), this marketing policy has affected by the internal factor of setting the price level that has lessen their sell of the product in the future. Therefore, it is an important factor for any organisation to set a proper pricing range for their products that cannot affect the sale of their products. The products are affected by those factors, which can re duce the rate of marketing process of the particular product. Therefore, the companies have to consider these factors whether they are external or internal in the time of setting their marketing policies. The external factors too have an influence over the marketing policy of any company. The company has selected the premium price for the product, which was not accepted by the middle class customers who cannot afford the product in their daily life to use. Therefore, it is seen that the products of various companies are affected by the external and internal factors, which can drop the sale of the product. 1.2 Problem Statement The study is considering the issue of the Apples product iPhone S6 Gold that has created the problem in the market after it was launched in the year of 2015 (Froud et al. 2014). The main issue of the research is to understand the impact of the external and internal factors that are affecting the marketing of a product of any organisation. As the competition is increasing day by day in the business then all the companies are trying to increase their possibilities to enhance their business with launching new and innovative products daily. Therefore, the factors that are affecting the new products in the time of marketed g are very vital to understand the organisations to achieve their organisational goals and objectives. In this case, the researcher has discussed the issue of the iPhone S6 Gold that has faced the problem during the marketing of the product (Laitinen, Laitinen Saukkonen, 2016). The company has set the price of the product very high and the customers of the middle class level cannot afford the price level of the product. The issue is now very important as the issue is creating a massive loss for the company due to using the wrong marketing policy. The company has used the premium price for the product as they thought that they have used various innovative features and therefore the price of the product must to set on a high range. However, the high price of the product has created a bad effect on the customers that the company only think about a particular segment of the customers (Zoellner Schaefers, 2015). The company has to face this problem in the time of marketing this product regarding this internal factor of pricing strategy. This wrong strategy has influenced the sale of Apples new product iPhone S6 Gold that was only appropriate for the small segment of the customers. Due to the high competition, the market was focussed only in a particular sector of customer who belongs to the high class of the society (Cho, Kumar Telang, 2016). Therefore, it was the issue for the company that the externa l and internal factors of premium pricing and customers reaction towards the product during the marketing of the iPhone. The research will shed light on this issue that the companies has to focus on the factors that affects the products marketing and according to the requirement of the customers the marketing policies has to be framed. 1.3 Research Objectives/Questions The aim of this proposal is to find out the factors that affects the marketing process of a product of any organisation. In evaluating this, the researcher will also focus on the factors that have affected the Smartphone of Apple. The researcher has set some objectives for the research paper to conduct it properly and to meet the final destination of the research. The objectives are follows To understand the factors, external and internal both, of marketing a product To explore the impact of the external and internal factors on marketing of a product To evaluate the factors that has influenced on the marketing of the Apples iPhone S6 Gold To recommend some strategies for the company to overcome this situation that the product can be marketed properly The researcher has set some research questions to find out the research aim. The research questions are Q1. What are the factors that affect the marketing of a product? Q2. What are the impacts of external and internal factors in the time of marketing a product? Q3. What are the factors that Apple has faced in the time of marketing of their smart phone iPhone S6 Gold? Q4. What are the strategies that Apple has taken to overcome the situation? 1.4 Justification of the Project The researcher with the help of an extensive literature review will frame this proposal and then the required data will be collected from the customers of the Apple as well as from the employees of the company too to analyse the research topic. This research will help to develop the idea about the factors that are affecting the various companies marketing policies for their new products to launch. There are some other advantages too that will help various people who wants to know about the influence of the affecting factors of marketing of a product. It will also help the researcher to know about the situations that the company like Apple can face for implementing wrong marketing policies. 1.5 Expected Research Output/Outcome The expected outcome of the study is to provide an evaluating concept about the impact of the external and internal factors on the marketing of the new products. The marketing of products are affected by various external and internal factors that influence the organisations total sale. Therefore, the research will focus on the factors that are affecting the Apples product iPhone S6 Gold and for that, the company has faced the issues related to the pricing and market segmentation. Therefore, the research will help the researcher as well as the companies to understand the factors that affect their marketing procedures while marketing their products after launching and if the companies implement wrong marketing policy then the product will be affected badly. Section II 2.1 Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis The conceptual framework is the process of helping the researcher to identify the appropriate theories and models to evaluate the problem of the research topic and then to analyse the procedure in which the whole research will be precede (Kuester, Homburg Hess, 2012). Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by author) Hypothesis H0. The external and internal factors impacts on the marketing of a product H1. The external and internal factors does not impacts on the marketing of a product 2.2 Methodology Research methodology involves the discussion of the selected methods by the researcher in order to conduct the research. In the time of selecting the different methods and techniques, the researcher needs to concentrate on the research topic (Cheung, Sia Kuan, 2012). The following research methodology will be undertaken to conduct the analysis of the topic to reach the research aim and objectives. The processes are Literature Review In this part, the researcher will discuss the chapter in details manner. In order to run the business successfully for a long time the companies needs to create a positive marketing process in the market. With the help of various models and theories, the researcher will discuss regarding the impact various factors that affect marketing process of a product of the company. In this chapter, the researcher will also discuss regarding the relationship between the factors and marketing of a product of the company. The researcher will follow this step to start the research work to analyse the related theories and models to understand the proper need of this research. This will help the researcher to examine the factors that are affecting the product of the selected organisation (Racherla, Mandviwalla Connolly, 2012). The literature review will be conducted from the help of the various sites like Google Scholar and different journals that has published the issues regarding the topic. After analysing the step the researcher will be, enable to complete this research. In the time of conducting the research, the researcher faces several issues that work as gap in developing this chapter. It is very difficult for the researcher to select appropriate theories and models as per the research model. These theories and models may not be applicable in all the business situations (Racherla, Mandviwalla Connolly, 2012). Apart from that, the researcher cannot assure that the data collected from the different sources are fully authenticated. These gaps reduce the credibility sand reliability of the research topic. Surveys, Data Collection Procedure and Sample Size In this part, the will tell about the details research techniques that he will use to collect the data and information from the different sources. Research outline includes research philosophy, approach, data sources, data collection process and analysis of the collected data. For this research, the researcher will select post positivism as the research philosophy as it helps in proper analysis of the data. The researcher selects deductive approach as research approach because this approach will help the researcher to collect the data from various sources and meet the research objectives (De, Ribeiro Cortimiglia, 2014). Descriptive research design will help the researcher to analyse the topic and provide details information regarding the topic. Both quantitative and qualitative data are considered to increase the credibility of the research. Data Collection Method Numerous information has collected from series of data and surveys will be scrutinized to give an idea about marketing factors and its effect on the marketing of a particular product. The information that will help the researcher to conduct the project properly will be collected in quantitative and qualitative manner through surveys. The Quantitative data are numeric in nature. The researcher collects these data from the 35 customers of Apple. The Qualitative data are analytical in nature. The researcher considered five managers of Apple to collect qualitative data. The quantitative data will be collected from the 35 customers of the Apple iPhone S6 Gold and the qualitative data will be collected from four Managers of the organisation. This information will help the researcher to examine the proper condition of the company to conclude it properly. Here the researcher used probability sampling and non-probability sampling to collect the data from the various sources. For the customers of Apple, the researcher used probability sampling. Here, all the customers of the company are get equal opportunity to be selected as the sample. In case of managers, the researcher used non- probability sampling. Data Analysis Methods The researcher will include the research techniques such as positivism philosophy and primary data collection process for the research. The deductive approach has selected as the research approach and the design has chosen as the descriptive research design as the research methodology. The selection of deductive approach will help the researcher to conduct the research methodology with the help of the existed theories and models, which will help to develop the research project in this chapter (Laitinen, Laitinen Saukkonen, 2016). The descriptive research designs the researcher to conduct the research method very easily that the researcher will meet the objectives easily. In collecting the data from the company, the researcher needs an authorisation letter to meet with the managers of Apple. The researcher is not able to ensure regarding the collected data because these data may be influenced by several factors. In the time of conducting the research, the researcher needs to ensure that no respondents are influenced or forced to provide their answer. The researcher gets approval from the managers of Apple iPhone S6 Gold and starts the project (El, 2012). The researcher also needs to ensure that, the data will not use for any commercial purpose and strictly use for the academic purposes only. After collecting the data from different sources, the researcher needs to analyse and evaluate it properly. This will also help the researcher to conduct the conclusion part of the research. Appropriate data analysis will help in meeting the research objectives. Research conclusion and recommendation are also depends on the data analysis. The whole research and surveys will be presented through different related graphs and charts to elaborate the research topic and proper analysis. Section III 3.1 Organisation of the Study The organisational structure that the whole research project will follow is Chapter One This chapter will be focussing on introducing the research topic of the project and will depict the full plan of conducting the Research Proposal to pre plan the future research. Chapter Two The chapter will explore the issue of the product of Apples iPhone S6 Gold that has faced some issues regarding its marketing. Chapter Three This chapter will depict the methodology of the research in which way the research will be conducted. The chapter consists of literature review, data series and surveys or data collection procedure and the data analysis procedure. The data analysis part is most important in the research as the result of research is depending on this evaluation. Chapter Four This section holds the analysis of the research, which the researcher will do in this section. This section is consists of findings and analysis of the recommended research topic. Chapter Five This chapter will summarize the total findings and analysis of the research project to discuss the problem of Apple iPhone S6 Gold regarding the factors that has affected the marketing process of the product. 3.2 Gantt chart In this part, the researcher will set the total time duration for conducting the research project and then will divide the tenure of the full-expected research time in the following chart. Activities Initial Date Finishing Date Tenure (Days) Proposal of the Project 18/06/2016 01/07/2016 14 Literature Review 02/07/2016 16/09/2016 76 Collection of Data 17/09/2016 17/10/2016 60 Analysis of the Data 18/10/2016 18/11/2016 30 Submission of Final Report 19/11/2016 02/12/2016 31 3.3 Project Budget and Budget Justification The researcher will be needed an amount of money to conduct the whole research project. Therefore, the researcher has decided to set an approximate budget for the whole project and then complete it within the expected time shown in the Gantt chart. Therefore, the total money is divided into small pieces to use in every different section of this research purpose. The budget division that is specified by the researcher is follows The part where the researcher will do the Literature Review, the section will be needed to do the interviews and surveys to acquire knowledge about the research topic. The process will be dependent on the different sources such as customers of the organisation and employee of Apple and company websites, various online resources etc which are all require a particular amount of money. The researcher has allocated around $3000 for conducting this part. The researcher has to set the budget for the data collection procedure too. In this research the researcher will conduct surveys and questionnaires which will be printed or posted by mailing system. The researcher will also do the survey through online procedure which requires a particular charge for that. Apart from this, the researcher has to meet the customers of the Apple iPhone S6 Gold as well as some employees of the company to gather the data from them about the affecting factors in marketing this product. Therefore, the budget for the travelling and other requirements is around $2500. Apart from this, the researcher has set a budget for accessing various government data, charts, tables. Websites etc. Therefore, for the data analysis part the researcher has allocated an amount of approx $1000. Tasks Approximate Expenses For Literature Review $3000 For conducting the Data Collection Procedure $2500 For the purpose of Data Analysis $1000 Overall Budget Estimated $6500 Table 2: Expected Budget (Source: Created by author) References Alexander, M. (2016). Apple Watch Campaign April 22, 2016 Megan Alexander, Sammi Cowger, Brett Haskell, Kylie Leonard, and Abbey Venable. Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Vianelli, D. (2013).Global marketing: contemporary theory, practice, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, c2013. xxi, 602 pages: illustrations, maps; 26 cm... Cheung, C. M. Y., Sia, C. L., Kuan, K. K. (2012). Is this review believable? A study of factors affecting the credibility of online consumer reviews from an ELM perspective.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,13(8), 618. Cho, D., Kumar, A., Telang, R. (2016). IExclusivity: An Effect of Iphone Exclusivity Arrangement on Demand for Smartphones.KAIST College of Business Working Paper Series, (2016-004). De Medeiros, J. F., Ribeiro, J. L. D., Cortimiglia, M. N. (2014). Success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation: a systematic literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,65, 76-86. El-Gohary, H. (2012). Factors affecting E-Marketing adoption and implementation in tourism firms: An empirical investigation of Egyptian small tourism organisations.Tourism Management,33(5), 1256-1269. Evanschitzky, H., Eisend, M., Calantone, R. J., Jiang, Y. (2012). Success factors of product innovation: An updated meta analysis.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(S1), 21-37. Froud, J., Johal, S., Leaver, A., Williams, K. (2014). Financialization across the Pacific: Manufacturing cost ratios, supply chains and power.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(1), 46-57. Ifrach, B., Johari, R. (2014). The impact of visibility on demand in the market for mobile apps.Available at SSRN 2444542. Kuester, S., Homburg, C., Hess, S. C. (2012). Externally directed and internally directed market launch management: the role of organizational factors in influencing new product success.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(S1), 38-52. Laitinen, E. K., Laitinen, T., Saukkonen, O. (2016). Impact of Reputation and Promotion on Internet Auction Outcomes: Finnish Evidence.Journal of Internet Commerce,15(2), 163-188. Racherla, P., Mandviwalla, M., Connolly, D. J. (2012). Factors affecting consumers' trust in online product reviews.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,11(2), 94-104. Sun, Y. (2014). A Smartphone Company's Innovative Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market: A case study of iPhone. Zoellner, F., Schaefers, T. (2015). Do Price Promotions Help or Hurt Premium-Product Brands?.Journal of Advertising Research,55(3), 270-283.

Ethical failures in business

Ethical failures in business are not uncommon. Companies sacrifice even the simplest ethical principles for the sake of competitiveness and higher profits. Customer service professionals and salespeople often find themselves troubled by unethical values, with which they are bound to comply.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical failures in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer satisfaction is rightly considered as one of the weakest elements of corporate ethics: competition and market saturation place new demands on businesses. Pragmatism bordering on ethical absurdity often turns into the main instrument of retaining customers. Yet, unethical profits are never long-term. More often than not, customers do not accept unethical service and refuse to continue their relationships with unethical businesses. Therefore, organizations must build and sustain a healthy, ethical climate which will serve the b asic measure of customer satisfaction in the long run. Martha Wang has recently been appointed to Consumer Affairs Department of Herb’s Garden Products (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). She enjoys her job and is fascinated by the company’s commitment to environmental protection (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha believes that the company uses only natural, safe ingredients to produce and market fertilizers; however, one day a customer complains that Herb’s Special Fertilizer Mix has killed her dog (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha knows that Herb’s products are made of chicken manure and fish byproducts, but she heard of some secret ingredient, which is revealed to long-term employees (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha herself used the product and found several dead birds in that part of the garden where most fertilizer had been spread (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Her boss does not take this information seriously, whereas the owner tries to persuade her that the product is the com pany’s bestseller (Bauer Erdogan, 2011). Martha is being torn between her ethical concerns and the need to comply with the organizational values and culture. Martha must take the most relevant ethical decision, but she faces a number of decision-making challenges. It should be noted, that the customer service professionals, as well as salespeople and marketing personnel, are often perceived as failing to handle many ethical dilemmas (Valentine Barnett, 2003). In this situation, institutionalization of ethics through codes of ethics and ethical procedures could solidify employees’ ethical intentions (Valentine Barnett, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Martha operates in the culture of ethical complacency which makes it difficult to take the most relevant decision. On the one hand, failure to handle the customer’s complaint may readily tu rn into an object of criminal investigation and a matter of ethical scandal. These scandals do not simply incur additional financial costs on businesses but expose prevalence of severe ethical misbehaviors in business (Formbrun Foss, 2004). On the other hand, Martha is bound comply with the cultural principles and workplace behavior expectations workplace at Herb’s: simply stated, she will have to persuade the customer that her concerns are invalid, since the product is made of natural ingredients and cannot cause any harm to people, pets, or other living beings. Otherwise, she may lose her job. Eventually, Martha cannot take the most relevant decision, unless she has the fullest information about the product and its ingredients. Apparently, Herb’s exemplifies an outcome-based organizational system, which evaluates only outcomes but does not regard how salespeople and the company itself achieve their business goals (Verbeke, Ouwerkerk Peelen, 1996). It goes without s aying that the state of ethics in outcome-based organizational systems is extremely poor (Verbeke et al, 1996). Such organizations sacrifice ethical and moral principles on the altar of financial profits (Bazela, 2010). For Martha, quitting her employment with the company will be the easiest and least troublesome solution. Yet, if that is the case, customers will be unaware of the dangers and risks of using Herb’s fertilizers. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Herb’s is actually a family business, and neither the owner nor Martha’s boss is willing to deal with the customer’s complaint. The best Martha can do is to file an official memo to the boss and the owner, trying to explain the risks and possible outcomes of ethical misbehaviors in organizations. First, the customer may file a lawsuit and demand compensation. Such a lawsuit will necessarily turn into a huge ethical scandal, which will disrupt the company’s reputation and m ay even lead the organization to bankruptcy. Second, the customer may file a complaint to government authorities which will reveal severe ethical and technical violations within the company. Again, the company’s future is under threat. Third, unethical profits are never long-term: the company must realize that competitiveness and profitability are impossible without a profound restructuring of the organizational culture at Herb’s. The company must inform its customers that the Fertilizer is dangerous to living beings and must be used with caution. Herb’s must rebuild its ethical culture; this is possible if a general code of ethics is created and implemented.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical failures in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process of cultural restructuring at Herb’s will not be smooth: employees and managers may resist and sabotage new rules and ethica l requirements. However, it is essential that these ethical and cultural initiatives come from within, before other stakeholders, including customers and the community, realize the hidden danger of Herb’s fertilizers and take a legal action against the company. Conclusion Ethical failures in business are not uncommon. The case of Martha Wang is a common example of how companies sacrifice ethical values on the altar of profitability. Martha faces several decision-making challenges. On the one hand, Martha must deal with the customer’s complaint. On the other hand, she is bound to comply with the rules and principles of organizational behavior at Herb’s. She even risks losing her job for noncompliance. In this situation, the best Martha can do is to file a memo explaining all possible consequences of ethical misbehaviors in organizations. Herb’s must rebuild its culture and implement a complex code of ethical conduct. The company must inform its customers t hat the fertilizer may be dangerous for other living beings and should be used with caution. References Bauer, T. Erdogan, B. (2011). Organizational behavior. Creative Commons. Web. Bazela, M. (2010). Customer satisfaction: The weakest link of business ethics.  Informacion Filosofica, VII(14), 110-118. Formbrun, C. Foss, C. (2004). Business ethics: Corporate responses to scandal.  Corporate Reputation Review, 7(3), 284-288. Valentine, S. Barnett, T. (2003). Ethics code awareness, perceived ethical values, and organizational commitment. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, XXIII(4), 359-367.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Verbeke, W., Ouwerkerk, C. Peelen, E. (1996). Exploring the contextual and individual factors on ethical decision making of salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(11), 1175-1187. This essay on Ethical failures in business was written and submitted by user Aspen Ashley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fatherhood essays

Fatherhood essays In her book Taking Sides, Ann Vail illustrates many issues plaguing our society today. Many of them are top priority issues that people immediately think of when they are asked what needs to be changed in the world today, or what problems are in the public eye. The issue I am concentrating on is Have Men Lost Their Sense of Fatherhood? This is the question to whether or not men still perform an active role in the raising of children. This could be in a two parent, conjugal family, or in a single parent family where the mother has custody. It questions whether or not men still take responsibility for children or if they are simply careless with whom they sleep and do not take responsibility if a child is born. It also takes into consideration whether the instance of fatherhood is lower across the socioeconomic playing field. Vail presents the two opposing viewpoints of David Blankenhorn, who takes the Yes view, with an excerpt from his book, America: Why Men Are Increasingly Viewed as Superfluous to Family Life; and Haya Stier and Marta Tienda, who take the No view, with their article, Are Men Marginal to the Family? Insights from Chicagos Inner City. Though both make good arguments I do not believe that Stier and Tienda present a strong, defendable case for the side that fatherhood is not declining. Their arguments seem to make excuses for why fathers are not providing as much and that fathers may be providing in other ways. However, they do not say how this actually helps make the sense of fatherhood present or stronger instead of just a new form of responsibility that is taken on by a biological parent. Due to this and preformulated ideas I am taking the side of Blankenhorn, in stating that the sense of fatherhood experienced by males in society today is indeed on a decline and though it does not effect all fathers (there are still some who are wonderful dads) I believe tha...

IT Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Strategic Planning - Essay Example As a human resource manager in the organization, it is important to develop the best IT strategic planning. It will align the organization’s daily activities with the human resource department. A good IT strategic plan will help the business fulfill its general business strategy.The business-driven priorities are important for a company to develop efficient IT strategic plans. For instance, if the most important priority is to increase sales targets, the priority could be used to create the following year’s technology. The human resource manager has to interview various business leaders in order to the technology’s plans.The organization has key business processes. The company builds and provides access to services. The company identifies high-quality goods and services. The identification begins at the lower stage of the company, up to the top level. The organization then supports teaching and learning of its employees. Such case is successful when the organizat ion provides funds and leaves for extension of studies. Additionally, the organization enables research. The top management has developed collections of research materials and provided experts who offer a high level of advice to the employees.The company has created an optimum business environment. It has ensured the customers enjoy the highest level of services. The management provides the employees with enhanced working spaces and environment that meet a variety of working styles and encourages working and research.

British Government Promises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

British Government Promises - Essay Example This paper stresses that  French gained control of Lebanon as well as Turkish Cilicia with Britain gaining Palestine, Jordan as areas of Bagdad and Persian Gulf. The agreement however failed to indicate complete ownership of the territories, but rather a complete control; through governmental and administrative levels.From this study it is clear that each of the three agreements had conflicts with the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence agreement evidenced in that the real cause for Britain making the agreement was never disclosed. The real cause was to help defeat the Ottoman Empire in the war that had become an ally of Germany (MacQueen,  2013). Conflict in the Sykes-Picot Agreement is evidenced in the fact that the allies focused on means of dividing the previous Arab lands among themselves as opposed to granting independence and the lands back to Arabs as promised. The Arabs therefore were left in the dark of the planned actions. The Balfour Declaration conflict results from givin g the land previously owned by Arabs to the Jews. Palestine declaration as home to the Jews served in fulfilling the interests of Jewish Zionists as keeping the promise made between Britain and Palestines when the Palestines were encouraged to revolt against the Ottoman Empire.  The reasons behind the British making these promises were based on selflessness and individual gain. Britain was wary of Germany and Ottoman Empire support for Germany and thus involved the Arabs to help in the war.

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL Essay

Impact of Uninsured Population Project PART TWO & FINAL - Essay Example With more and more states, Texas included, passing laws making it illegal for immigrants here without papers to receive benefits, medical insurance becomes unavailable for these individuals and their families. Illegal immigrants coming into Texas are young and healthy workers, but as years pass, these workers have children, and grow older. This makes illegal immigrants have the same medical needs as average Americans. However, because of their illegal status, many of these individuals put off routine health care. Wolf (2008) suggests â€Å"For many illegal immigrants, the fear of deportation outweighs the pain of illness or injury, so they live with their afflictions rather than seeking help until their health problems become critical.† An example would by high blood pressure. Most Americans go to the doctor and are placed on medication. An illegal immigrant will live with high blood pressure until they have a heart attack or stroke. Wolf (2008) explains â€Å"Illegal immigrants can get emergency care through Medicaid, the federal-state program for the poor and people with disabilities. But they cant get non-emergency care unless they pay. They are ineligible for most other public benefits.† Since medical care is so high, many immigrants can only receive care through the emergency room. The organization that will be affected by the uninsured Texas illegal immigrants would be the taxpayers of Texas first and foremost, but then the emergency rooms around the state taking these individuals in. Money does not grow on trees. If the state of Texas runs out of money allotted for medical expenses for the uninsured, or with the new legislation passed making it illegal to give undocumented immigrants benefits, the hospitals take up the slack. Then hard choices must be made. Wolf (2008) states â€Å"The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston is considering denying cancer care to

Experiment for Cancer Risk Factors

Experiment for Cancer Risk Factors Curiouser and Curiouser The case-control method used to identify risk factors for cancers relies on prior knowledge about the possible link between the cancer and the risk factors. It is a powerful method as the following two cases show. Asbestos In the 1970s, a series of studies identified the risk factor for a rare form of lung cancer called mesothelioma. Case-control studies pinpointed the risk to certain professions: insulation installers, shipyard workers, etc. The statistical analysis pinpointed the risk factor to be exposure to asbestos. Subsequent tort litigation and government oversight precipitated a reduction in occupational exposures to asbestos, reducing the risk of mesothelioma. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic hormone prescribed to pregnant women in the 1950s to prevent premature deliveries. In 1971, case-control studies found that women with vaginal and uterine cancer had not been exposed to estrogen directly, but their mothers had been. DES, the carcinogen, did not cause cancers to women treated with the drug, but it caused cancers to their daughter who were exposed to the drug in the womb. *** But what if the exposure responsible for the disease is unknown? A Test for Chemical Carcinogens Normally, a strain of Salmonella, a bacterial genus, cannot grow on galactose. But when exposed to certain chemicals, it could acquire a gene mutation that enables it to grow on galactose. By counting the number of growth-enabled colonies form, one can quantify the mutation rate in any experiment. In the late 1960s, Bruce Ames, a bacteriologist at Berkeley, used this technique to test thousands of chemicals on their capacity to create mutations in Salmonella, and created a catalog of mutagens chemicals that increased the mutation rate. He observed that chemicals that scored as mutagens tended to be carcinogens. Ames didnt know why mutagens could induce cancer. But he had demonstrated a practical way to find carcinogens. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) In the early 1970s, Baruch Blumberg, a biologist in Philadelphia, discovered that a human hepatitis virus can cause chronic inflammation that leads to cancer. In 1966, Blumberg discovered that individuals carrying the Au antigen (a blood antigen present in several Australian aboriginals) often suffered from chronic hepatitis. Upon further analysis, he found out that au was not a blood antigen but a viral protein floating in the blood. Blumbergs lab isolated the virus in the early 1970s, and called the virus hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV infection caused a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from acute hepatitis, to chronic cirrhosis in the liver, and to hepatocellular cancer. HBV is a live carcinogen capable of being transmitted from one host to another. By 1979, Blumberg and his team had found a vaccine for HBV. The vaccine cannot cure the cancer, but it can reduce the incidence of HBV infection. Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) In 1979, at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren wanted to investigate the cause of gastritis. Patients with gastritis are   predispose to peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. Warren believed that gastritis was caused by a yet unknown species of bacteria. But he was ridiculed by mainstream doctors who did not believe any bacteria could live in the stomach. To prove his point, Marshall and Warren set out to culture the bacteria using brushings from patients with ulcers. But no bacteria grew out. Over a busy Easter weekend in 1982, Marshall had forgotten to examine the culture dish for bacteria for a few days. When he remembered and went to examine them, he found bacteria colonies growing out in the dish. Warren and Marshall called it Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). To prove H. Pylori caused gastritis, they inoculated pigs with the bacteria. But the pigs did not get ulcers. In 1984, after failed attempts to infect piglets, Marshall fasted until 10 am and then drank a Petri dish containing cultured H. Pylori, expecting to develop an ulcer. Within a few days, Marshall was violently ill, and diagnosed with gastritis. H. pylori was indisputably the cause of gastritis. By the late 1980s, several epidemiological studies had linked H. pylori-induced gastritis with stomach cancer. Randomized trials run on the western coast of Japan showed that antibiotic treatment reduced gastritis and gastric ulcers, and reduced the incidence of gastric cancer. But the it would not cure the cancer once manifested. A Spiders Web If cancer truly transitioned from a precursor lesion precancer to its full-blown form slowly, and methodically, then perhaps one could intervene by attacking its precancer, thwarting the progression of the cancer at its earlier stages. There are two forms of prevention. In primary prevention, you prevent a disease by attacking its cause. For example, stop smoking for lung cancer, or a vaccine against HBV for liver cancer. In secondary prevention, you prevent a disease by screening for its early presymptomatic stage. Pap smear and mammography (discussed below) are examples of secondary preventions. The Pap Smear Secondary Prevention for Cervical Cancer George Papanicolaou, a Greek physician, arrived in New York in 1913. After a few months selling carpets, he found a research position at Cornell University studying the menstrual cycle of guinea pigs. He found that cells shed by the guinea pig cervix could foretell the stages of the menstrual cycle. By the late 1920s, Papanicolaou had extended his technique to human patients.   In 1928, he reported that uterine cancer could be diagnosed by means of a vaginal smear. But the importance of his work was not recognized. Between 1928 and 1950, Papanicolaou delved into his smears ferociously. He became known for his invention of the Papanicolaou test, commonly known as the Pap smear or Pap test. He knew normal cervix cells change in step-wise fashion in time. Might cancer cells also change in a slow stepwise way from normal to malignant? Could he identify intermediate stages of cancer? A thought occurred to him at a Christmas party in 1950. The real use of the vaginal smear was not to find cancer, but to detect its precursor. In 1952, Papanicolaou convinced the NCI to launch a clinical trial of secondary prevention using his smearing technique. In the cohort of about 150,000, 555 women had invasive cervical cancer, while 557 had preinvasive lesions. Early stage preinvasive lesions were curable by a simple surgery. The women with preinvasive lesions had no symptoms. Had they not been tested, they would never have suspected they would develop cervical cancer. The average age of diagnosis of women with preinvasive lesions was about 20 years younger than women with invasive lesions. The Pap smear would detect cervical cancers at an early stage while it is still curable 20 years before they become invasive, giving women a chance to treat it before it evolves into cancer. Mammograms Secondary Prevention for Breast Cancer In 1913, Albert Salomon, a German surgeon, performed a study on 3,000 mastectomies. He studied the X-rays of the amputated breasts after mastectomies to detect the shadowy outline of cancer. Salomon called his technique mammography. He was able to establish the difference as seen on an X-ray image between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. But his studies were interrupted by the Nazis in the mid-1930s. He lived in a concentration camp until 1939 when escaped the camps to Amsterdam and vanished underground. Mammography, as he called his technique, languished in neglect. By mid-1960s, with radical surgery being challenged, mammography re-enter X-ray clinics, championed by radiographers such as Robert Egan. Egans mammograms could now detect tumors as small as a grain of barley. But would screening women to detect such early tumors save lives? HIP Trial In 1963, three men set out to investigate whether screening asymptomatic women using mammography would improve mortality from breast cancer. The three men were Louis Venet, a surgeon; Sam Shapiro, a statistician; and Philip Strax, an internist. They wanted a randomized, prospective trial using mortality as an end point to test mammography. The trial, launched in December 1963, was kept simple. Women enrollees in the New York Health Insurance Plan (HIP) between 40 and 64 years old were divided into two groups. One group was screened with mammography, and the other not. If a tumor was detected by mammography, the women would be treated according to the conventional treatment available at that time. In 1971, the initial findings of the trial were remarkable. 62,000 women participated; about half had been screened by mammography. There had been 31 deaths in the mammography group and 52 deaths in the control group. The percentage reduction in mortality from screening was about 40 percent. Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project The positive results of the HIP trial prompted the American Cancer Society to launch a called the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP). The project, backed by Mary Lasker and virtually every cancer organization in America, intended to screen 250,000 women in a single year. Problems with the HIP study As the BCDDP forged ahead, people were casting doubts over the HIP study. The study had a potential flaw. They had decided to exclude women with prior breast cancer. So they dropped women who had had cancer from each group. But they may have over-corrected: more patients with prior cancer were dropped from the screened group. Critics now charged that the excess mortality in the control group was due to the fact that it was mistakenly overloaded with patients with prior breast cancer. The Canadian Trial In Canada, researchers launched their own mammography trial in 1980. But there was a flaw with the study: a woman was randomized after her medical history and examination. The allocations that emerged after the nurse interviews were no longer random. Women with abnormal breast were disproportionately assigned to the screened group. That explains why the results of the CNBSS were markedly negative: The breast cancer mortality of women in the screened group was higher than the unscreened group. Malmà ¶ Mammographic Study In 1976, 42,000 women enrolled in the Malmà ¶ Mammographic Study. Half of the cohort was screened yearly, and the two groups have been followed closely ever since. In 1988, the study reported its results. Women older than 55 had benefited from screening, with a reduction in breast cancer mortality by 20 percent. Younger women had no benefit from screening. In 2002, an analysis combining the experience over fifteen years was published in the Lancet. In aggregate, for women aged 55 to 70, mammography screening had resulted in 20 to 30 percent reductions in breast cancer mortality. But for women under 55, the benefit was negligible.

The Character of Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet

The Character of Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Old Mr. Prynne began his new life in the town of Boston as the Physician Roger Chillingworth. The moment he arrived, the town deemed him intelligent and mild mannered; he always seemed pleasant although a little odd. Throughout the seven years he remained in Boston, his character changed so dramatically from admirable to evil that even those who did not know him personally seemed to notice an evil nature deep within his soul trying to break free. Chillingworth stood with Hester Prynne within the confines of the prison, talking with her about how he would go about finding her lover. He says to her, "I shall seek this man, as I have sought truth in books; as I have sought gold in alchemy. There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him" (pg. 70). As any man who found their wife to be adulterous, Chillingworth reacted with a fairly normal response- although angry and wanting revenge, he did not react totally unreasonably. After this talk with Hester between the prison walls, Chillingworth makes it his personal goal to find Hester's lover; no sudden change had occurred within Chillingworth, although over a few months his demeanor beings to change. Even though Hester has many other issues on her mind, while she is at the Governor's house, she notices without hesitation that Chilingworth's demeanor has made a drastic change. While Dimmesdale and Governor Bellingham are trying to decide the fate of Pearl and where she will remain during her lifetime, Hester glances at Chillingworth, who happens to be stand... ...ing to us a character like Chillingworth, Hawthorn creates a villain that one has to think whether he/she hates Chillingworth or feels as though he's a victim of circumstance. Without directly telling us that others influence our lives in such a powerful way, Hawthorne conveys this idea through Chillingworth and Chillingworth's effect on those around him. Because of Chillingworth, the reader gets to see how a person who is not necessarily an evil man to begin with, can become so corrupt that even those around him view him as the Devil's worker. By putting a character like Chillingworth in his book, Hawthorne is able to show how religion had a big influence over the people during that time period. Even though Chillingworth harassed Hester and Dimmesdale, the two were more afraid of their fates after death, than Chillingworth during their lifetimes.

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay

Rose (1992) has accused psychology of â€Å"Engineering the Human Soul† (p. 351). This is a very odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it. Indeed, even the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas controlling all sorts of human attributes, found an area for â€Å"spirituality† (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that â€Å"moral law is implanted in our brains by God† (p. 6). Nonetheless, despite psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with other critics of psychological research, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of individual differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure intelligence, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education. Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter & Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to have a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a â€Å"paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological ‘test’ . . . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is â€Å"the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference† (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in most textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as â€Å"the science of behavior and mental processes† (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004). Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines – and also came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004). Despite the embarrassment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left-hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively). These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral (usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch & Springer, 1999). Later research, using equipment such as evoked potentials, was conducted using samples from the general population. The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of most tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch & Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch & Springer, 1999). However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people – and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundt’s establishment of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes: â€Å"On a December day in 1879 . . . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychology’s first experiment† (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began – and ended – with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual Differences One important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that main effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing. Galton’s definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwin’s evolutionary theory of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individual’s survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power. From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely dominating members of less powerful groups (Braudel & Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as â€Å"everybody always has to have somebody to dump on† (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance one’s chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?

Free Essays on Points About Education

Education Questions 1. Identify at least two things teachers could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework and other academic activities.  § Teachers often try to help students by parent involvement. Parent involvement is a key part of the education process. A teacher’s work could be in vain if not sustained in the home. One way a teacher could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework would be to send home assignments to incorporate the family. For example, if the class is studying history, the teacher can send home a â€Å"family scavenger hunt†. The student could then research their family history by questioning parents, grandparents, brother and sisters. Another good way to incorporate parents into the academic process is to send home a logbook. This logbook could have a spot for signatures of the parent to make them accountable for their child’s homework. This process could be a weekly or bi-weekly process. Also, you could send home a letter, send home students work frequently, invite parents to visit to participate in classroom activities. 2. Where do you think most new teaching positions will occur, in schools populated by students from upper, middle, or lower SES backgrounds? Why?  § SES is an â€Å"indicator that combines parents’ incomes occupations, and levels of education† (Kauchak, 111). SES is expressed in three stages: lower, middle, and upper. For any teacher, a lower SES populated school is a challenge: â€Å"children come to school without a sense of safety and security, so they are not as well-equipped to tackle school–related tasks† (Kauchak, 116). For this reason (trial for a new teacher), one would believe that more positions would be open within a low-SES populated school. 3. What are some possible ways that poverty can influence learning?  § Poverty can influence a students learning in many ways. Many poverty stricke... Free Essays on Points About Education Free Essays on Points About Education Education Questions 1. Identify at least two things teachers could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework and other academic activities.  § Teachers often try to help students by parent involvement. Parent involvement is a key part of the education process. A teacher’s work could be in vain if not sustained in the home. One way a teacher could do to help parents work with their children more effectively on homework would be to send home assignments to incorporate the family. For example, if the class is studying history, the teacher can send home a â€Å"family scavenger hunt†. The student could then research their family history by questioning parents, grandparents, brother and sisters. Another good way to incorporate parents into the academic process is to send home a logbook. This logbook could have a spot for signatures of the parent to make them accountable for their child’s homework. This process could be a weekly or bi-weekly process. Also, you could send home a letter, send home students work frequently, invite parents to visit to participate in classroom activities. 2. Where do you think most new teaching positions will occur, in schools populated by students from upper, middle, or lower SES backgrounds? Why?  § SES is an â€Å"indicator that combines parents’ incomes occupations, and levels of education† (Kauchak, 111). SES is expressed in three stages: lower, middle, and upper. For any teacher, a lower SES populated school is a challenge: â€Å"children come to school without a sense of safety and security, so they are not as well-equipped to tackle school–related tasks† (Kauchak, 116). For this reason (trial for a new teacher), one would believe that more positions would be open within a low-SES populated school. 3. What are some possible ways that poverty can influence learning?  § Poverty can influence a students learning in many ways. Many poverty stricke...

Ethics Essays

Ethics Essays Ethics Essay Ethics Essay When an attorney agrees to represent a client the attorney and the client create a responsibility of confidentiality. This is so that the client can feel free to speak about all the facts of the case with the lawyer without fear of repercussion. After the case Is over this responsibility of confidentiality does not end. Is as if we would say that after a patient walks out of the doctors office the doctor is now able to talk about the patients health problems freely with others. In order for an attorney to speak about influences of a client in a book an attorney must be granted consent by the client and or the identity of the client nor anything that Identifies a client can be directed in the book towards the true client. 2. If I lived In a Jurisdiction that followed the model rules of professional conduct, It would be my ethical duty to report the probability of this client harming his sister. It is the ethical responsibility that unless great danger or harm to oneself or others can be avoided by revealing the information must remain confidential. . Since the Smiths are going through a divorce and I have the accessibility of keeping the information of my client confidential, The accountant calling in regards of the Income tax files will have to try and get the Information from Mr.. Smith himself. There Is no way that I can verify that this Is truly the accountant of Mr.. Smith. The only person that can ask for their files at that point In time would be Mr.. Smith himself. 4. Clients lie all the time while under oath. It is not the lawyers responsibility to bring this to the courts light. It is the responsibility of the lawyer to not deceit the court while representing the client and presenting the evidence at hand. 7. The client- attorney privilege only protects the essence of a communication made In confidence between a client and a lawyer when the client Is seeking legal advice or representation. Information from other sources given by the client to the lawyer does not make that information protected. Under the ethical duty of confidentiality, any information relating to the representation of a client is protected as confidential. 8. When is said that paralegals are subject to the principle of the client- attorney privilege, it is meant that paralegals must also abide by the rules and regulations that lawyers follow under this rule. . First of and foremost a paralegal can always turn to the attorney who they are employed under for guidance. It Is the duty of the attorney who has employed this paralegal to ensure that the paralegal Is fully aware of the rules and obligations they have. The paralegal can also seek counsel from the paralegal association of their state. Page 101 102 1 1 en model rules AT professional conduct state Tanat Dilatation required Day an attorney to follow pertaining to conflict of interest. The national Federation of Paralegal Associations gives a detail list of the rules and regulations to which a Raleigh must abide by. 3. Representation of two parties that are going through a legal matter by one single attorney should be avoided at all costs because it can lead to disaster. In this case the attorney should not represent both Betty and Allan because if a problem evolves during the transaction, Élans attorney would have information of both clients that can harm the representation in a potential case. 5. In this case being that my spouse has direct contact with one of the parties the firm has recently made a client off of, it would be a conflict of interest if I became the paralegal of this case. The reasoning behind this is that I might be bias to the case in favor of the sporting goods store since my wife has contact with them or I may know more information then the client wishes to reveal. 7. In this case my firm can represent Kevin because it is two completely different auto shops and my firm has never dealt with either party. Each party is a new client to the law firm and the law firm has no previous knowledge of their history. 9. No, Sarah cannot represent a client to which her husband is the attorney of the opposing client. This would cause a great conflict of interest.

Environmental science question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental science question - Essay Example Additionally, the government must consider that very many people or farmers are opposed to the idea of incentives; thus, it would be proper if for the government to abolish the idea completely. Notably, if the government introduces the incentive plan to farmer, it is lively to fail since many farmers will not join such schemes. 2. Why are people willing to accept the hazards of certain activities (such as smoking) but not of other activities (such as radiation from nuclear testing)? Certain hazards are bearable while others are not. The hazards can be controlled by human being and targeted only to the personals initiating them are considered bearable; hence, for instance, smoking is a single person driven and it cannot affect a vast are or many people at once. On the other hand, hazards related to nuclear testing may be unbearable since the radiation emitted from the same are likely to affect a vast area and may last for quite some period (Chiras, 2013). Therefore, nature oriented ha zards may be out of control of human control; thus, it is always advisable that the same must be avoided at all costs. Moreover, such nature related hazards may affect other thing or natural resources, environment, and human nature as it could have been the original intension. 8.1. Discuss the negative effects of pollutants on crops, forests, and other materials. The effects of pollution vary enormously depending on the source of such population and the area it pollutes. However, plants and crops are affected majorly from air pollution. Dust pollution is usually generated from bear grounds, quarries, and cement works among other industrial activities usually affects crops and other materials from the surface. Other than blocking sun rays, the dust usually blocks stomata thereby hindering their carbon dioxide conductance; hence, interfering with plant or crops’ photosystem II. Pollutant gases like sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen usually interfere with the growth and dev elopment of plants and crops in different ways. For instance, the oxides of both metals usually enter the plants’ leaves through the stomata from which they follow the same diffusion pathway as carbon dioxide (Chiras, 2013). The oxides of nitrogen then dissolves in the cells giving rise to nitrite ions and nitrate ions that interferes with nitrogen metabolism as opposed to if they could have been absorbed through the plants’ roots. Additionally, sulphur di-oxide usually causes stomata closure leading to withering of the plants especially crops. 2. Discuss the attributes of successful recycling programs. Many recycling programs usually fail because of poor recycling or recycling container design. Therefore, effective recycling programs can only be achieved by first specifying the intended material or materials to be recycled before purchasing such materials or containers. Moreover, such containers must be designed properly and must be ergonomically correct. Nonetheless, the recycling containers must also be designed with several but relevant considerations in mind. Other than the recycling container, recycling program will only be successful if the program first consider and understand the type of the material they intend to recycle (Chiras, 2013).

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History - Assignment Example The main action that Bismarck took to bring about the unification of Germany was to rev up nationalism in the various states and to seek war with France, which he felt would unify the Germanic people against an external enemy. He was proved correct in this. The southern German states were afraid of France and signed an alliance with Prussia The war and victory brought people together. He also goaded Austria into war. He also expanded the railway lines which brought states closer together. He also ignored the legislature and raised taxes which allowed for a bigger army. Cavour took similar action involving transport and also pursued conflicts which unified people. He raised taxes and revenues which allowed Piedmont to expand. War with Austria, which Cavour helped provoke, eventually led other Italian state to overthrow their government and work more closely with Piedmont, thereby helping to bring about unification. I.D. the following terms in paragraph format. Make sure you include AL L INFORMATION from the book: Do NOT just copy from the book. You must put these in your own words. (worth 10 points each) 1. Class struggle: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat In a Marxist view of class struggle there are two main classes. The bourgeoisie are the merchant middle class who have enough money to live comfortably. The Proletariat are the working class who are being exploited.

Philiosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philiosophy - Essay Example It was a burning issue at that time and did not end until 1998. The environmental damage done became a source of great disturbance in the area and remained unsolved until 1998. Generally, Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Company who brought this parcel of land for dumping chemical wastes are the ones, blamed for this whole contamination and the harmful effects it imposed on the people living in the areas nearby and it is not wrong at all to put blame on them. (Michael Harold Brown, 1980) Did Hooker know the damage it has caused to the canal area over the years? Had the company done it intentionally or unintentionally? How much responsible is the government itself and public who got affected in this scenario? The company did know about the hazardous facts and also was aware of what it had done before closing the landfill in early 1950s. Otherwise, it did not have protested against its excavation. Further noticed, it removed itself from any kind of liability at the time of selling the lan d to the local government. This makes it evident without a doubt that the company knew what damage it has posed to the whole area. Both these reasons conform to the deduction that Hooker knew what he had done to Love canal. (Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. Public Affairs Dept.; 1980) Before closing the landfill in 1950s, the company took no necessary precaution but kept dumping its dangerous chemical wastes in the landfill, for who was going to raise a question on them. It was not after closing the landfill that Hooker started taking some precautionary actions. This time Hooker really worked and rather diligently to contain the wastes. It lined the canal with impenetrable concrete, and placed a waterproof ceramic cap over the chemicals to prevent rainwater from entering. There precautions far exceeded common practice at the time. Emphasis being on far exceeded. Why was the company so conscious about taking precautions at that time when it had not even bothered to take one before? Answer is again the same. Hooker knew the damage the contamination has done and for the same reason it had protested against the excavation of Love canal. The precautions were merely to hide the gruesome effects of its activities from the masses and government. Had there been no removal of the ceramic caps and concrete walls, no one would have known the damage company had done. (Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. Public Relations Dept.; 1980; Seebauer & Barry 2000) In addition, the company did not disclose the details about the content of the landfill. There are great many facts that reach to the same conclusion: Hooker was the only one who was responsible for the environmental damage in Love canal and the nearby areas. It might be so that just to escape the heavy fine and charges for the violation of laws, the company did all the necessary dramatic performance to hide what they had done to the environment. The fact that public did not complaint about the health damage due to the dis astrous chemical wasting in the Love canal except some very few owes to another fact. Hooker was the major employer in the area and had some great influence. This was enough to stop them from speaking against the company. Their own jobs would have been in danger if they even thought about bringing the matter up to the Government’s consideration. Hooker Chemicals was in no way a socially responsible company, also witnessed by numerous citizens.

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay Arthur Miller was born in New York City on October 17th, 1915. His parents were both immigrants in the United States and lead a prosperous life because of the success of his fathers clothing manufacturing business. But the arrival of the disastrous Wall Street crash distorted his business along with the rest of the American economy. As the result, Miller worked as a warehouseman. A View from the Bridge was in a single act in its first version and was produced this way first in verse in 1955. This was then revised and was extended into a two-act play in 1956 when it was presented at the Comedy Theatre in London. In this assignment I will be discussing the role of the protagonist in A View from the Bridge, and I will look into his downfall and the part that he played in it. I will also be looking at the Aristotelian elements of a tragedy that Miller has used, and I will be highlighting and explaining the important dialogue and stagecraft. The play is set in a domestic area of New York called Red Hook and he describes it as the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. It has its roots in the late 1940s when Miller became interested in the everyday lives and work of the dockworkers of New Yorks Brooklyn harbour, where he had previously worked. He described it as a dangerous and mysterious world at the waters edge that drama and literature had never touched where many people worked and were poorly paid, exploited by their bosses, and importantly many were immigrants to the United States. This led to them being treated unequally and they faced racism as the whites were considered as a powerful race. Other factors that played a part in Miller writing this play was the Cold War, which occurred during the 1940s and which affected the economy and arose censorship and freedom. During this time a young lawyer friend of Millers also told him a story about a longshoreman who had ratted to the Immigration Bureau on two brothers, who were living illegally in his very own home. He also visited Sicily a few years later where he say huge levels of poverty that played a part in him including characters of Italian origin and keeping poverty as one of the main themes of this play. These above factors were the entire cultural context that led to Miller writing yet another very influential play A View from the Bridge. This play is a modern tragedy and Miller has followed the rules of a tragedy written by the famous Greek Philosopher Aristotle in a book called Poetics. This book stated that for a play to be a tragedy it should have certain characteristics. Miller has followed these Aristotelian features carefully and this can be seen in the play. Firstly, a prologue accompanies the play in order to make it easier for the audience to concentrate more on the actual lesson being taught by the play rather that getting confused. Alfieri acts as the chorus/narrator, the audiences interpreter of events; he is both commentator and participant in the play and punctuates the action. He introduces new themes and at the same time informs us about the present events and reminds us of past events. He creates interest in the audience by giving them clues and signs of future events, for example we know that the play will end in someones death as he mentions sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. A sense of inevitability is also created in Aristotelian tragedies that can be seen in the above dialogue where Alfieri feels powerless and suggests that this has happened before and is therefore retrospective. Another device known as hubris is also used which is a point in the play of no return and creates immense inevitability. The audience is made to feel a purging of emotions, which is a device known as catharsis. This along with pauses between dialogue and dramatic irony, which is when the audience knows more than the characters, creates tension and heightens their sympathy for some characters or heightens hatred for others. Stage Directions have been used well and they build on dialogue and show how the characters are feeling. Miller has also used stagecraft to an extensive level, and he uses the stage and effects such as lighting to symbolise conflict and other things. For example, the stage consists of the Carbone household and Alfieris law office which represents a conflict between natural and constitutional law, a main theme of the play. This is also an effective use of unity of time and place as the main places of action have been put closely to avoid confusion. Tragedies are also meant to teach and are therefore didactic. For example, community bonds and effects of betrayal are highlighted when Eddie recites to Catherine a fable about former neighbour Vinny Bolzano who had snitched to the immigration about his uncle. He uses this as a warning to Catherine and to make it clear to her the consequences of telling anyone about the illegal entry of Beatrices cousins. They should also involve universal truths so that people can relate to the play with real life. This play teaches many universal truths such as how to love, natural and constitutional law and the community. There is also a unity of time and place which is a device used so that it is easier for the audience to understand the action and so that they can focus on the morals taught by the play. Miller has carefully set up the tragic heros role in this play, in a way so that he matches the description of Aristotles tragedy characteristics. The protagonist isnt famous or rich, but he is seen to have the potential to become great. He also has a fall, which in this case is his death and is caused by a flaw or an error of judgement that is also occurs here. The fall also inspires pity and terror in the audience and in the process teaches them. The other characters are also affected by this fall but in the end there is a restoration of order.

Role Of The Women Of Hamlet English Literature Essay

Role Of The Women Of Hamlet English Literature Essay The women of William Shakespeares Hamlet appear to be frail, passive figures used as pawns and dying prematurely after the mistreatment of men. However, there is more to Gertrude and Ophelia than meets the eye. Even though Hamlet is certainly not a play based on women, both female characters are more active than their vices and virtues previously lead us to believe. A closer inspection reveals that the true roles these female characters took on had purpose; these women were not as passive as they seem at first glance. Our first perception of Gertrude is  influenced by Hamlets response to learning she has married her brother-in-law after he has murdered her husband.  Hamlet shows anger and disillusionment toward her, believing that she should remain loyal to the memory of his father the king. Yet, there is no evidence that she knows of the murder Claudius has committed. It appears she has allowed herself to be seduced by Claudius, but once again there is no evidence of whether the seduction has taken place before the death of King Hamlet or afterwards. Gertrude finds herself in a position where she is conflicted by the roles different men wish her to play. She feels somewhat guilty about her sons disappointment in her, but feels that she can do nothing about the situation due to her relationship with Claudius. Claudius also has expectations of her, including his wish that she disregard Hamlet and remain loyal only to him. It could be said Gertrude is so fickle she lacks virtue, however, in Act II, scene IV, she shows motherly concern for Hamlets welfare and makes plans to speak with him in her chamber.   After Hamlet accuses her of lust, she does not make excuses for herself; she openly  admits her shortcoming.   What redeems Gertrude is her final act of loyalty to her son.   In the final act, when Claudius pours the poisoned wine, Gertrude claims thirst while reaching for the goblet.   Claudius warns her not to drink; nevertheless, she does, knowing it was poured for Hamlet, and as she dies, she tells  her son  that the drink is poison for him.   In her sacrifice of herself for her son, there is redemption for Gertrudes lust, immaturity, and fickleness.   She has now shown, not passivity, but strength and loyalty. The role of Ophelia is presented as a gentle, loyal, obedient, and young woman who is meant to be the love of Hamlets life, even though he rarely thinks of her or considers her in his plans. Most of the time Hamlet just appears to be cruel to her, as if he is just using her as a pawn, as is so when Ophelia tells her father that Hamlet appears to her to be looking and acting like a crazy man. It seems very likely he is just using Ophelia as part of his plot to get the word out that he is insane. Ophelia is an example of a perfect daughter who obeys her father without argument. Even when she is asked to reject Hamlet whom she believes is the love of her life, she responds subserviently that she will obey, and meets with Hamlet to deceive him. Polonius also uses his daughter for his own reasons, which in this case, is to spy on Hamlet. This actually becomes a turning point in the play. Hamlet reveals his complicated feelings for Ophelia as well as the depth by which he is hurt and betrayed by her. As Ophelia tries to return his gifts his feelings become evident. Hamlet becomes defensive refusing to accept the return, and responds with, I never gave you aught. He then continues to express his anger and disgust with women and humanity as he tells her, Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? This hurts Ophelia mentally as well as physically since he has thrown her around a bit and she expresses this with her own thoughts. Oh, what a noble mind is here oerthrown. The courtiers, soldiers, scholars, eye, tongue, sword; The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mold of form, The observed of all observers, quite, quite down! And I, of ladies most deject and wretched, That sucked the honey of his music vows, Now see that noble and most sovereign reason, Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh; That unmatchd form and feature of blown youth Blasted with ecstasy: O, woe is me, To have seen what I have seen, see what I see! Basically, Ophelia is saying, Wow, he seemed like such a wonderful guy; before his words to me were so sweet and I let myself fall for him, and now hes gone totally gone around the bend.   Ophelias perfection also becomes her downfall, unfortunately she has no voice nor does she seem to have any obvious heroine qualities; and one thing of interest that comes to mind is her lack of desire to defend herself. Even with all this being said, Ophelias life and death have a profound influence on some of the most important characters in the play, including Hamlet. Her own madness has importance in the play. It gives Ophelia the freedom to do and say what she could not before. She passes out flowers to the court and gives columbine and fennel to Claudius, this is a jab at the king since these flowers were representative of ingratitude and infidelity at the time. This is where she loses her innocence, and this loss of innocence finishes with her eventual suicide. At the time, suicide was a sin against God and people that committed suicide were not allowed a proper funeral. Ophelias innocence is somewhat preserved by allowing her a funeral even though her death was at her own hand. Looking closely, Ophelias role appears to be a precursor for Shakespeare to foreshadow future events. In her opening scene, her brother and father warn her to stop seeing Hamlet. This warning could be said to foretell her future conflict with Hamlet. At the beginning of Act II, when Ophelia rejects Hamlets advances he goes off-the-wall, there are two ways to interpret the scene, one possibility being that after Hamlet warns Horatio and Marcellus that he will put an antic disposition on he acts crazy when meeting with Ophelia to get the word out there that he is mad. Another possibility is that Hamlet was genuinely distraught by Ophelias recent rejection. Anyway you look at it these scenes with Ophelia seem to foreshadow things to come. We begin to realize also that Ophelia is not as passive of a character as originally thought. She is obviously a tool for Shakespeare, but also for Hamlet and Polonius, as the plot thickens around her. After Ophelias death Hamlet is reminded of his deep feelings for her, which had been hidden due to his obsession with vengeance and his lack of trust in women. Ophelias death also deepens Laertes need for vengeance. He already has much reason to kill Hamlet, since Hamlet had murdered his father and driven his sister mad, but Opherlias suicide is that last little push over the edge; that drives and justifies Laertes revenge. As it turns out Ophelia is the common factor that brings together Hamlet and Laertes. She is the reason for their irrational actions, and in a twist of fate, the being that brings them great emotional turmoil. None of this has she done intentionally, yet she becomes her own play within a play. Our focus on Hamlet and his sufferings are set aside, as Ophelias story shocks us when she suddenly breaks, is driven mad, and then commits suicide. To one that simply reads the play and thinks nothing more about it, these women may seem trivial. However, those taking the time to think about Gertrude and Ophelia are rewarded with the knowledge that each of these characters is woven into a role that affects and motivates a main character. They are the characters that passive, as they may seem, actually spur the men in the play to further advance the plays central action. Clearly the roles Gertrude and Ophelia take on are a contribution to the terrible events that occur in Hamlet, making for a perfect dramatic tragedy. Work CitedShakespeare, William. Hamlet, Literature and Its Writers: A Compact Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007 1252-1354.