Old Man Asleep

This essay aims to show how three poems are similar in some ways but yet different in some circumstances. Two of them are written by the same poet and so should share some characteristics, which she uses throughout her writing. Elizabeth Jennings wrote â€Å"Old Man Asleep†, which is about a lonely old man who has no one, but due to his anger and pride seeks companionship but rejects it when offered; and because of this he cannot wait to die. Elizabeth Jennings also expresses this feeling of wanting to die in â€Å"Eighty One Years Old† also. The old woman in this poem wants to be left alone, but she won't be and so the only time she is happy is when she is by herself. â€Å"Warning† by Jenny Joseph is also about old age but it expresses different views, such as the lady in this poem cannot wait to be old so she can enjoy it. A similarity shared by all three of the poems is that they deal with old age. Elizabeth Jennings talks about the house ridden, helpless old aged person, whilst Jenny Joseph talks about the mobile pensioner who roams around. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has no rhyming pattern, this is a point shared by Jenny Josephs â€Å"Warning†. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has a four-stanza structure and this is a similarity, which is shared by the other poems. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† has a morbid tone. It is dark as it talks about death, it provides a vague image of an old man because it does not use adjectives ands the reader cannot picture what the scene looks like. This morbid tone is shared by â€Å"Eighty One Years Old†. The same poet writes these poems and Elizabeth Jennings could intentionally do this, there is nothing, which can be used metaphorically to compare the morbid ness of death. This is completely different to the imagery used in â€Å"Warning†, it is bright and uses warm colours even though it is dealing with a painful subject. The reason for this is that she is welcoming old age, â€Å"When I am old I shall wear purple†. â€Å"Old Man Asleep† is written in the first person narrative, which is the same method used in â€Å"Eighty-One years old† this makes it an autobiographical piece. The difference between â€Å"Old Man Asleep and the other poems is its structure. Every fifth line is indented, and does not need a full stop to finish a line. The content is also different. It talks about a man loathed by those around him and ignores the help given to him. There is only one person who loves him his wife who is blinded by love so she does not see his cold exterior. â€Å"All are afraid, except his wife who must Have kept the image of Him being gentle, does not see he's changed.† This old man could have once being superior and has found it hard that he has nothing left so he treats life and those around him bitterly. â€Å"Eighty-One years old† is similar to Old Man asleep each line starts with a capital letter, but it has a difference as it rhymes irregularly to the pattern of (ABBACC), it is the only poem which rhymes. The content is also different. It talks about a woman who is cared for, but she does not care she wants to be left to wither and die. This is similar to â€Å"Old Man Asleep† as it also written in the fist person narrative. It also deals with death and the way the elderly depend on others. The people in both these poems are the same, they feel wasted and want these patients to die, but they hide their feelings as they are at work. â€Å"And guilty thoughts, no doubt, will come To nurses who had wished her dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The setting for this poem is a hospice, that is why Elizabeth Jennings mentions â€Å"peace† as that is the purpose of a hospice to offer not a cure but spiritual peace for the patient. â€Å"Even the priest who brings the Host Cannot provide the peace but stays To join in mumbled words of praise.† This point is further proved as people are always around a patient in a hospice so when they die they know they were not alone. â€Å"And that is what she longs for most- To be alone, when no one stands With filled but with unhelping hands.† In â€Å"Warning† by Jenny Joseph, the title suggests and sums up the poem. It is optimistic, she is warning those around her she is changing and the difference between this and the others is that she shows a positive attitude to ageing gracefully and wants to enjoy it whilst the other characters in the other poems cannot wait to die. â€Å"And make up for the sobriety of my youth.† (â€Å"Warning† By Jenny Joseph) â€Å"She wants to die and all of us Agree although we do not say;† (â€Å"Eighty-One years old† by Elizabeth Jennings) â€Å"He hates, yet wants, our pity, Having so little time To find compassion for his own near death† (â€Å"Old Man Asleep† by Elizabeth Jennings). Another difference is the tone it is lively, whilst the others are metaphorically dark. This poem, which has a different narrative style for each stanza. â€Å"When I am Old† is when she starts to daydream of what life will be like for her. â€Å"You can wear† this is a conversation with someone. She assertively suggests what she is going to do. â€Å"I shall go out in my slippers in the rain†. A difference to the other poems is that it is written child like. A child uses long sentences and regularly repeats itself to get its point across. This is shown in the poem as there is a lot of repetition of â€Å"And† and â€Å"shall†. † And I shall spend my pension on brandy and summer gloves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I enjoyed reading all three poems as it gave a insight into the life of an elderly person, the poets deal with the same topic but they have a different view towards it. Elizabeth Jennings poems have more similarities, than differences compared to Jenny Josephs. This is because even though they are different poems they are written by the same poet and so will share some attributes. I believe these are good poems as they share the same theme old age, I have shown similarities and difference, which show the likeness of these poems, but how they are different especially with their views.

Theories And Development Of Public Administration

Like any other field of social sciences, the development of Public Administration as a study and also, as a practice is a response to evolving social contexts. As it is an eclectic field of study, it has adapted its key concepts and theories predominant in that period of time from the other fields of study. Thus, one can look at its development by identifying key concepts of economic, sociological and other studies that have contributed to how it is today.According to Brillantes and Fernandez (2008), the development of Public Administration can be classified as traditional/classical Public Administration and modern Public Administration (2). The traditional/classical Public Administration mainly leans on the models of Organization theory. These models are classified into three, namely, the classical, the neoclassical or human relations and the integration theory or modern theory (Cabo 36). The classical theory became the conceptual foundations of the traditional public administration (Cabo 37). There are 3 schools of thoughts under this theory.One is the Scientific Management which searches for the â€Å"one best way† for an organization to work efficiently, that is, increased productivity with minimal waste and costs (Cabo 37). In doing so, the model suggests that there is a scientific way to achieve production goals. It then postulates that to increase workers’ productivity, â€Å"the best way† is that there should be a competitive management, a clear division of duties between management and labor, and a scientific method and technique in selecting, training, and motivating employees (Cabo 37).With this, time and motion studies became a prevalent method in looking for the â€Å"one best way† (Cabo 37). However, although these studies have indeed improved productivity, it was heavily criticised later on because it failed to account the individuals’ common sense and judgement in the organization (Laegaard and Bindslev 15). Ne vertheless, the model is still useful in evaluating technical processes both in the private and public sector to this day (Laegaard and Bindslev 15). Meanwhile, asScientific Management focuses on increasing productivity, the second school of thought, the Administrative Management, focuses more on the efficiency of management of organization (Cabo 44). It contends that a general theory of administration which can be both applied in the private and public sector is highly possible and that studies must seek to discover and understand the underlying principles that govern it (Fayol cited in Cabo 40, Brillantes Jr. and Fernandez 3). According to Henry Fayol, there are 14 principles of administration.These are: division of labor, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interest, remuneration of employee, centralization, scalar chain of hierarchy, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps (Fayol cited in Cabo 40-41). Meanwhile, Gulick and Urlick (1937) further enhanced Fayol’s ideas into a comprehensive theory of administration (Brillantes Jr. and Fernandez 3) and contended that there are 7 administrative functions the management should perform (1937 cited in Cabo 42).These are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting or POSDCORB (Gulick and Urlick 1937 cited in Cabo 42). In general, Administrative Management offered practical ways to organization and management (Cabo 43). They are, however, criticised because of the lack of systematic methods (Cabo 43) and over-simplification of administrative conditions (Simon cited in Laegaard and Binslev 16) which resulted to contradicting principles (Simon cited in Cabo 43).Lastly, the third school of thought, the bureaucratic model, is different from the other two as it includes social and historical perspective in its approach to organization (Laegaard and Binslev 16). Its main contention is that for an organization to function smoothly, bureaucracy must consist of neutral professional public employees and that public employees must act as if the superior’s interests are his own (Weber cited in Laegaard and Binslev 16). It identifies 5 characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy, namely, hierarchy, division of labor, formally written rules and procedures, impersonality, and neutrality (Weber cited in Cabo 44).The classical theories, in general, defined many of the key concepts of the Organization theory which greatly enriched the traditional Public Administration. However, they are criticised as having very little regard to the worker or employee within the organization as persons (Cabo 44). The worker is seen as economically-driven (Cabo 44) and therefore the social-psychological aspects, which may also contribute to his productivity, is not taken into account. Thus, in response, the neoclassical model of Organization theory was proposed.Rather t han focusing on the mechanical aspect, the theory focuses more on human relations and sees organizations as social systems composed of interpersonal relationships (Cabo 47). It looks into the how people interact with one another in the organization, how they behave, their feelings, motivations, and aspirations (Cabo 47). One of the key ideas of the theory is the result of the Hawthorne experiments wherein it was found out that informal work groups, rather than management demands, have greater influence on employee productivity (Cabo 48).Chester Bernard (1938) then explained that the informal groups are significant in an organization because it fosters social integration by providing for the social-psychological needs of workers such as pride, prestige, and loyalty (Cabo 49). In general, the theory enriched the study of Public Administration as it makes human perspective an equally important organizational concern (Cabo 49). There are, however, criticisms that arise on the concepts o f the theory. Although it has offered explanations on organization performance, it has failed to explain adequately other aspects of organization behaviour and performance (Cabo 49).More so, the human relations approach is prone to management manipulation of informal groups just to get workers do what management dictates (Cabo 49). Thus, in order to deal with the weaknesses of both the classical and neo-classical theories, the integrative or modern organization theory was proposed. The theory tries to understand and explain the organization in a more holistic method, integrating the classical approach with the social-psychological perspective of human relations (Cabo 50).With this, the theory then proceeds to look into aspects of organization where management and workers meet their goals. Four streams of thought fall into the modern organization theory, namely, the decision-making theory, industrial humanism, open-systems theory, and the contingency approach. With decision-making th eory, bounded rationality is being established contrary to the complete rationality of the classical model (Cabo 51). This is because, in every organization, decisions made are bounded with organizational and human limitations (Simon cited in Cabo 50-51).Rather than getting everything they want, people tend meet half-way and make satisficing decisions to achieve their goals (Simon cited in Cabo 51). Meanwhile, with Industrial Humanism, it is contended that the formal organization structure itself facilitates adverse effects on the workers’ performance (Cabo 52). Thus, social and psychological concepts like human needs and motivations should be considered in the formulation of key aspects of organization such as in job designs, organization structure, and management functions, among others (Cabo 51).The Open systems theory, for its part, sees the organization as an open system that is continuously interacting with the environment and is affected by it (Cabo 53). Thus, for orga nizations to survive and grow, it must be dynamic and adaptable to the changes in the environment. Therefore, inputs such as human and material resources are seen as essential in its operations and success (Cabo 51). Lastly, the contingency approach in the modern theory basically suggests that there is no single technique or method that is applicable to all situations (Cabo 55).Managers or administrators must be able to determine the need at hand and make use of the existing management and administrative ideas. Public Administration as a study, did not however, stop at looking institutions and its processes at organizational level. It went beyond so as take more of the social responsibility expected of Public Administration, that is, for the welfare of the public it serves. The events that followed after Word War II marks the beginning of this new development stage called the modern Public Administration.As post-war effects, coupled with internal political-economic factions, were fe lt, many of the third world countries had been struggling to jump start economic development (Cabo 64). Thus, the study and practice of Public Administration, particularly the traditional Public Administration was introduced to third world by Western powers. As the field was seen as an agent of social change (Brillantes Jr. and Fernandez, 5) and served as a guide for development, it took a new identity and is now called Development Administration.Development Administration is a sub-phase of modern Public Administration wherein traditional Public Administration is used to describe the societal problems and craft solutions in the third world context (Cabo 64). The goal was to â€Å"steer countries along the path of economic and social progress† by strengthening the bureaucracy to ensure efficient and effective implementation of policies and programs (Cabo 64). According to Gant (1979), Development Administration characteristics can be best explained by purpose, loyalties, and a ttitude (Cabo 64).By purpose, DA seeks to stimulate and facilitate national development, implement policies and programs determined by the people and introduce change and innovative structures and processes that will help achieve development goals (Cabo 64). By loyalty, the bureaucracy establishes pledges to the people through their elected representatives and by attitude, DA is positive, persuasive, innovative, and outward looking (Cabo 64). Although the theory seeks to help third world countries gear towards development, it has somehow failed to achieve its goals as the model yielded varied results (Cabo 64).Few of the main reasons that have caused the mixed results are the culture factor and the existing social, economic, and political contexts in a particular society (Cabo 64). Development Administration leanings towards Scientific and Administrative Management (Cabo 63) failed to capture the external factors brought about by differences in social contexts. Meanwhile, the New Pu blic Administration, another sub-phase of modern Public Administration, first emerged in the United States as a response to the observed widening of gap between prosperity and status of well-being among the people (Cabo 66).The main goal of the New Public Administration was to achieve social equity (Cabo 66). In order to do so, the government must not take a value-free stance as being promoted by the traditional Public Administration (Cabo 66). Rather, it must protect and promote the welfare of the disadvantaged groups (Cabo 64). It is from this theory that the concept of Reinventing Government, a newer sub-phase, is built upon.With the rapid changes in many of the societies nowadays, the advent of modernization and the expanding field of technology, the previous theories of Public Administration are seen as anachronistic (Cabo 73). Unlike the New Public Administration that sees the government as the driver of social change, Reinventing Government sees the government as a facilitato r to bring about change through collective efforts (Cabo 74). Coined by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (1993), the theory seeks to improve government performance by changing the ways and means of the government in achieving its goals (Cabo 75).It contends that the government must act in entrepreneurial ways (Cabo 74), that is, to maximize productivity and effectiveness at lower costs. The theory builds up on the assumption that government is a crucial factor in collective undertakings to solve social problems and that civilized society cannot function effectively without it (Cabo 74). It is also the task of the government to uphold equity or equal opportunity as it is critical to the nation’s success (Cabo 74). Reinventing government has 10 principles laid down by Osborne and Gaebler.These are: catalytic government: steering rather than rowing, community-owned government: empowering rather than serving, competitive government: injecting competition to service delivery, mission -driven government: transforming rule-driven organization, results-oriented government: funding outcomes not inputs, customer-driven government: meeting the needs of the customers, not the bureaucracy, enterprising government: earning rather than spending, anticipatory government: prevention rather than cure, decentralized government: from hierarchy to participation and teamwork, and market-oriented government: leveraging change through the market (Osborne and Gaebler 1993, cited in Cabo 74-79). Currently, one of the new streams of Reinventing government is the E-government, wherein access to public information and processing of documents have been made available through the internet thereby making the government more reachable to the people and transactions which involves them faster and more convenient (Fang 1).Also, there is a proposition from Barzelay (2001) that the New Public Management which is into reinventing government, must turn towards policy approach for it to be able t o enhance both study and practice of the field. With the policy approach, analysis may then be undertaken weighing consequences of combinations of government rules and routines in a particular context (Barzelay 158) to determine what works and what does not. Reinventing government, however, takes high risks if implemented. It entails radical change and doing so may then entail costs and risks which are too much to take by political leaders and public managers alike (Halachimi 1995 cited in Cabo 80).In addition, getting the consensus of stakeholders who will be affected by the changes may be difficult (Cabo 80). The theory is also being criticized for looking at the people as customers or end users of policies rather than as citizens or participants in the policy-making process (Brillantes Jr. and Fernandez 7). Nevertheless, the field has evidences of success in Australia, the United Kingdom, and in New Zealand (Barzelay 162). Thus, it only signifies that reinventing government is po ssible. As being discussed above, the development of Public Administration has generally been a response to the context from which they are crafted upon. They are born out of the need to be able to solve pressing issues and concerns in a particular period.However, even though society has evolved to something very different from where the concepts and theories were formulated, the thoughts and ideas are still evident in the practice of Public Administration today. A good example is evident in the State of the Nation Address of the President of the Philippines, Benigno Simeon Aquino III. In his SONA, concepts of Organizational classical theory, such as efficient and effective implementation of programs and projects based on scientific studies and the principles of administration such as discipline, order, and initiative, among others are evident. Application of the Neo-classical theory is evident in the program implementations of Community-Driven Development (CDD) and Bottom-top Budge t Approach (BUB).With CDD and BUB, it is the people and the local government that identify projects for their community. Meanwhile, New Public Administration concepts are reflected through the delivery of social services in health and education such as Philhealth coverage and more classrooms for school children. But in general, the government’s overall goal is to reinvent itself under the slogan tungo sa matuwid na daan. Although there has been much debate on the road the government has taken to change, it still is an effort to reinvent to gain back the trust of the people and to make its services more efficient and effective. In all these processes, it can be said that government plays a significant role in Public Administration.As more and more models or theories are made available, the government, in coordination with stakeholders, must carefully determine what model/s to use to achieve desired change in the society. It is important that stakeholders should be knowledgeabl e of the strengths and weaknesses of each model and carefully evaluate the context and processes from which it will be applied so as not to over target or fall less to avoid erroneous operationalization of solutions. Nevertheless, as society continuous to evolve, academics and practitioners of Public Administration alike must continue to develop models that are timely and relevant in order to keep the discipline alive for the welfare of the people.

Commodity Trade Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Commodity Trade Questions - Essay Example tions. Question two-International cocoa trade Types of cocoa production Cocoa produced in tropical or semitropical areas. Such climates found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America who form the principal producers of cocoa. The types of cocoa production are small-scale or large-scale production. An estimated 70% of world cocoa production comes from small-scale farmers. The number of small-scale farmers estimated to be 2.5 million with a yield of about 350kg per hectare. In this case, every farmer owns around 3 hectares (Interfax, 2011). Only 30% of cocoa production comes from large-scale farming. The leading countries in cocoa are West African countries as Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire, and Indonesia, forming 70% of the total coffee production. The other 30% collectively come from Asia, Latin America, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Malaysia, and Ecuador. By-products of cocoa The principal by-product of cocoa is chocolate. However, cocoa is processed to produce many other products such as Berge nfield cocoa powders, Bergenfield coffee cacao nibs, cafiesa cocoa products, chocolate covertures, dried fruit, edible nuts, and seed flour. Other products include organic cocoa products such as spices, extracts and emulsifiers, sugars, stevia, and sweeteners. Some toppings, sauces, drops, snacks, and cold pickings are by-products of cocoa. Consumption patterns Demand level determines consumption pattern, and the volume of cocoa processed each year judges the demand. Two-thirds of all cocoa, ground in the chocolate consuming countries, where, the US is the world’s largest consumer of chocolate. The consumption level followed decreasingly: by Germany, United Kingdom, and France, Russian Federation, Japan and Brazil. International transportation and trade on the markets. The Cocoa Producers Alliance (CPA) eliminates international transportation of 10% of the cocoa production due to low-grade cocoa. Markets have agreed to destroy non-quality cocoa. This is made possible by intro ducing levies on farmers and exporters to finance the destruction plan and compensate growers for their losses. Only quality cocoa products transported internationally and traded. Question three- standard clauses Odd day clause- A clause that states that any month containing an odd number of days, the middle day recognized as belonging to both halves of the month. Arbitration clause- Any misunderstanding arising out of the contract referred to court of arbitration in London, or elsewhere (as agreed) in accordance to the rules of arbitration (Interfax, 2011). The appeal of the trade organizations takes effect at the date of the contract and of which both parties deemed to be cognizant. International conventions clause- it is a clause holding tree rules: The uniform law on sales and the uniform law on formation given by the uniform law on international sales act, shall not apply to the contract. The United Nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods of 1980 sha ll not apply in the contract. The United Nations convention on the limitation period in the international

Oral questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oral questions - Essay Example This meant that doing the good means that an individual knew the Good. On the other hand, Aristotle claimed that recognizing the right thing wasn’t enough, and one should act in a good manner so as to develop a routine of doing good (Vaughn, 244). Philosophically, Plato alleged that ideas had an ideal form, universal form, thus directing him to his idealistic philosophy. Moreover, Aristotle argued that the ideal forms were not substantially involved in each concept or object and that each illustration of concepts or ideas had to be examined on their own. Scientifically, Plato’s work was founded more on insights than on its applicability, and Aristotle’s work was essentially on explanations or extensions of developing ideas and not on insights. Politically, Plato claimed a person must incorporate his or her welfares to those of the society, in order to attain a faultless form of administration. Aristotle disagreed with this idea since he viewed the simple political component as the city that took pre-eminence over family, which consecutively took control of the people. In the allegory of the cave, Plato likens individuals inexperienced in the form’s theory to convicts in a cave, attached to the wall with no chance of spinning their heads. Flames were burning behind the convicts and what they could view was the shades of the puppets positioned in the middle of the fire and the walls cave. Further, the convicts could not comprehend that the echoes heard and flames seen were reflections of real objects. Finally, this allegory recaps majority of philosophical thoughts and views of

US COIN Campaigns in Philippines and Vietnam Research Paper

US COIN Campaigns in Philippines and Vietnam - Research Paper Example Finally, this paper will strive to highlight the lessons that US learnt from its past COIN campaigns in the form of two consecutive successes; one achieved in Iraq and the other in Afghanistan. Introduction Counterinsurgencies (COIN) are described as a common war tactic. Foe groups engaged in wars often use this particular tactic to identify and overcome insurgencies prior to their occurrence. The authoritative governmental military groups since time immemorial have organized COIN campaigns. However, its rudimental intention remains the same. COIN campaigns were majorly covered in H100 when the US Army used many tactics and strategies in Vietnam and the Philippines. Governmental forces took a considerable amount of time to frame winning strategies in the COIN campaigns in both cases. The focus on these COIN campaigns was to make devastating offensive operations to defeat the insurgency disclosed, develop cultural understandings with the foes and to apply competent intelligence in mit igating chances for future insurgency attacks. Nonetheless, the results obtained in both the COIN campaigns proved drastically different. Even though the COIN campaign against Filipino insurgencies was a success, the US Army failed to defeat Vietnamese insurgencies in H100 (Gentile, 2009). Certainly, there are certain aspects essential for framing COIN strategies and thus ensuring their overall success. For instance, a COIN strategy must include an in-depth understanding of the motives and the objectives of insurgencies along with cultural and religious aspects of both insurgents and local populace in a differentiated manner. It is vital that the COIN strategy complies with the legal aspects of performing a counterinsurgency. Correspondingly, governmental policies to...However, its rudimental intention remains the same. COIN campaigns were majorly covered in H100 when the US Army used many tactics and strategies in Vietnam and the Philippines. Governmental forces took a considerable amount of time to frame winning strategies in the COIN campaigns in both cases. The focus on these COIN campaigns was to make devastating offensive operations to defeat the insurgency disclosed, develop cultural understandings with the foes and to apply competent intelligence in mitigating chances for future insurgency attacks. Nonetheless, the results obtained in both the COIN campaigns proved drastically different. Even though the COIN campaign against Filipino insurgencies was a success, the US Army failed to defeat Vietnamese insurgencies in H100 (Gentile, 2009). Certainly, there are certain aspects essential for framing COIN strategies and thus ensuring their overall success. For instance, a COIN strategy must include an in-depth understanding of the motives and the objectives of insurgencies along with cultural and religious aspects of both insurgents and local populace in a differentiated manner. It is vital that the COIN strategy complies with the legal aspects of performing a counterinsurgency. Correspondingly, governmental policies to combat insurgencies with effective COIN campaigns also play an essential role (Corum, 2007).

Intellectual property Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Intellectual property - Assignment Example Past rulings by the CJEU and The High Court of England and Wales, will be useful in analyzing the soundness of this injunction. According to the EU’s E-commerce Directive, there is need for a balance to be struck in order to create a system that exempts intermediaries such as the information society service provider who function as conduits of information and do not engage in monitoring or editing of content1. In the case project, balance is not struck. The Directive clearly states that an intermediary that expeditiously removes access to illegal content once they have received notice of the infringement will not be held liable. Additionally, Article 12.1 of the Directive states that a service provider cannot be held liable for content transmitted through its network if the provider does not start the transmission, does not choose the receiver of the content, and does not alter the content. The above injunction against the Information Society Services Provider is blanket in na ture, which deviates from the E-commerce detective. The E- Commerce Directive rules out the creation of monitoring obligations for intermediaries. According to article 15, limitation of liability should not be interpreted as giving any obligation. In the above case, the injunction is giving an obligation to the provider. This implies that providers of online material will not be liable for illegal material that has been availed in their networks by its clients if the provider is a mere channel and has processes in place to take out the material quickly; and they will not be required to supervise activity in advance2. This principle of limitation of liability for internet service providers is applicable in many jurisdictions. Despite the present legislation, the debate concerning intermediary liability continues with industry and regulators raising the issue of liability. In analyzing this

The School as a Social System and the Application of Theories Essay

The School as a Social System and the Application of Theories - Essay Example There are 430 students currently enrolled in Pottsboro High. Aside from them, they also have a set of teachers, administrators, staff and maintenance personnel who interact with each other almost during the major part of the year. We can also consider the parents and guardians of the children as an integral part of the school thereby sufficing this condition. It is common to think that teachers influence their student's learning and behavior and the process is only one way. However, teachers are in fact influenced also by their students. One can say that the process is mutual wherein the teacher grasps more fully the meaning of life thru the acts and behavior committed by his students. Furthermore, if there were no maintenance personnel then the student and teacher would not find a suitable learning environment and the absence of a teacher and a student eliminates the need to have a maintenance personnel. In retrospect, each element contributes to the system: the teachers with their knowledge, the students with their acts and achievements, the administration with their management skills, the maintenance personnel with their service and the parents with their support in the development of the children and the school. They, however, also receive something which for the employees is salary and fulfillment. Pottsboro High aims to provid... The school is goal oriented. Pottsboro High aims to provide the students the opportunity to develop themselves to their full mental and physical capacity. They try to achieve this with activities such as sports and academic competitions. The teachers and administration also meets regularly to discuss performance and resolve issues all for the better functioning of the institution. The school has structure. Looking at the organizational chart of the school, one can see that the overall head is the principal. It then branches out to different heads of the department such as administration, teaching staff for a certain field such as Math and Science, Student Guidance and Relations and Security and Maintenance. The students are also divided into classes and levels that serve as an additional evidence that Pottsboro has a structure. The school is normative. When we say normative, we mean that there are certain norms that exist in the school. Rules and guidelines regarding behavior, use of school property and grading system are present and are made as reference by all the segments of the school. The school bears sanction. Erring, troublesome and cheating students are called to the disciplinary office or made to stay after class. The employment of underperforming teachers and staff can be terminated. These are just a few of the sanctions that the school can impose on its members when the rules and guidelines were not followed. The school also has a political facet and power relation inevitably enter into social relations. As earlier stated, Pottsboro has a structure and the higher the person is in the organizational chart, the more power he can exercise. Since this is the case, the Principal's decision is always final and executory.

Authentication of Individuals in E-exams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Authentication of Individuals in E-exams - Essay Example Fingerprint recognition systems are considered to be the most commonly deployed biometric systems, due to their precision, ease and performance [10]. Arista Knowledge Systems(TM) and DigitalPersona(TM) claim to develop the first e-Learning management system to verify students by their fingerprints [14]. Arges et al proposed a hybrid approach in which an electronic token or e-card was used along with the fingerprint verification to increase the authentication performance of the e-exam security system [11]. The system involved a process of enrolment- to capture the user’s fingerprint for the database and generate a specific e-token for the user. Authenticated users were provided access by verifying their fingerprints and e-tokens with the stored database.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hand geometry recognition systems require a small sized data to uniquely identify a user from its stored database or templates [12]. A system is proposed by Jain et al. [13] in which there exist processes of image acquisition, enrolment and verification. One commendable approach in this system to enhance the accuracy of the acquired hand geometry image is that two samples are taken from the user. Average is taken for these samples so that an accurate image can then be compared with stored database of enrolled users. This system can easily be deployed for e-learning environments because of its ease and accuracy. ProAccess FaceOK developed a system for the recognition of human face image [15]. They claim it to be the first system with the face learning capability.

HND Organisation Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

HND Organisation Behaviour - Assignment Example He added that since needs are many; they are arranged in order of importance i.e. from basic to a complex one. A person advances to the next level of needs after the lower level of need has been satisfied and he progresses up the hierarchy. This motivation theory lists the human needs from the lowest to highest as physiological, safety and security, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. In Maslow's theory, the lowest level is physiological needs and money happens to be one of the physiological needs. According to Herzberg's two-factor model of motivation, money as a Physiological need in Maslow's theory is a motivator, though it tends to have a motivating effect on staff that lasts only for a short period. Maslow demonstrated that at the higher level of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are more powerful motivators than money. McGregor places money in his theory X and Y places money in theory X category and he feels it not a good motivator of work. He places praise and recognition in theory Y category and he feels that they are strong motivators than money. Leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, and Gupta, 2004) There is a number of leadership styles namely: Authoritarian, democratic and free reign. For effective management, a good leader should use all three leadership styles. Authoritarian leadership style is used when the leader does not want any contribution from his fellow employees because of the limited time, have all the instructions to solve a problem and the employees are well motivated. Democratic leadership style is used when the leader involves the other employees in decision making but he is usually the one who makes the final decision. This style is applicable if a leader has time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from their employees. Free reign leadership style is used when the leader has trust and confidence with the people below him and for this case he allows them to make decisions and delegate tasks. The employees are supposed to analyze the situation and determines what is to be done and how is to be done. The leader sets priorities and he is responsible for the decisions that are made. There is no one best leadership style but the three should be employed for the effective management of an organization. (Kouzes and Posner, 2002)

SCHINDLER'S LIST (1993) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SCHINDLER'S LIST (1993) - Essay Example During the time of this movie Jews were being relocated to ghettos and concentration camps during this period. Ghettos were fenced in areas, normally in the rundown section of the Jewish part of town. These ghettos were crowded, dirty due to no running water, and had no food except what was smuggled or rationed. All Jewish property, except for a bag or two was confiscated in the name of the German Third Reich. Businesses, houses, properties, bicycles, radios, money, jewelry, and all other assets had to be turned over, or face the penalty of death. Corruption was normal when dealing with confiscated Jewish property. This was the setting for Schindler and his Jews. The movie begins with a family celebrating Shabbat by lighting candles in color. Then fades to black and white showing Schindler (Liam Neeson) setting in a room with other SS and their dates. Schindler, being a German civilian, came to Crackow, Poland in order to become a war profiteer. As a card carrying NAZI, Schindler was allowed to open a business sponsored by the German Army. The only problem was Schindler did not know how to run a business. Itzhak Stern (Ben Kingsly) comes to his rescue by taking over business tasks after helping finance Schindler’s business through connections in the ghetto. The Jews did not want to turn their gold and possessions over to the SS and never receive anything back. By giving Schindler gold, the Jews gained a place to work and a promise of better rations. Schindler opened a mess kit factory for the Wehrmacht. Itzhak Stern tried to forge as many papers for fellow Jews to be essential to the German war machine. Jews deemed essential were spared from deportation to Auschwitz. Schindler and his employees felt that maybe the factory would help survive until the Russians made it to Krakow. This might have been the case, but Amon goeth (Ralph Fiennes) arrived to build the Plaszow Concentration Camp.

Individual assignment Essay Example for Free

Individual assignment Essay Comment on the merit of the paper which is arguing for a separate HRM model for Oman? It is essential to have a unique HRM model specialized for Oman due to few important reasons. The first reason is the cultural influence and there is relationship between the HRM and the social principles, values, ethics and rules. Second, the cultural aspects must be respected when considering about HR philosophy. Nonetheless, the economic conditions are greatly important as there is a strong link between the economic conditions and the HR policy. At the end, I can briefly say that there must be a special and unique HRM model for Oman due to the special conditions that made this country a different case. 2. Do you think (based on the argument raised in the paper) a distinct HRM Model for the Saudi Arabia can be advocated? If yes, how and why? What should be its constituents and why? How it will be different from the Western Model? I believe it is perfect idea to have a distinct HRM model for Saudi Arabia. I presume this can achieve a lot for the good of the Saudi market. The suggested HRM for Saudi must put some items into consideration such as the culture, institutions, and industry sector. When we consider the culture, the HRM model must be suitable for the common values, norms of behavior, customs, influence of pressure groups ,assumptions that shape managers’ perceptions, insights and mindsets, management style, meaning of work and values, personal dispositions, attitudes and manners, approaches to cultural diversity, match to the organization culture. Regarding institutions, the HRM model must cope with following institutions; National labor laws, trade unions, politics, educational and vocational training set-up, labor market, professional bodies, international institutions, industry by itself, employers’ federation, consulting organizations, placement organizations, trade bodies, government institutions, local authorities, voluntary bodies. In addition to considering the institutions, the HRM model must coordinate with the following industrial sectors; Common strategies, business logic and goals, regulations and standards,sector-specific knowledge, informal and formal benchmarking, cross-sector co-operation, common developments in business operations, labor or skill requirements, merger activity, workforce mobility, capital mobility. At the end, The HRM for the Saudi market should be different from the Western market in variety of ways since it must cope with the Saudi culture, and economic and political conditions. 3. Mellahi and Budhwar (2006) and many others are of the view that there is no such thing as a Middle Eastern HRM model and the current forces shaping HRM in this region will lead to more divergence than convergence between and within these countries (GCC and Middle East) in the foreseeable future, Comment. The Middle East region is a conservative cultural and religious area that grew at only half the rate of other developing countries during the 1990s. A number of factors such as structural imbalances, the so-called curse of natural-culture and religious conflicts, are highlighted for the slow economic development in the Middle East. Similarly, Abed (2003) identifies five main causes holding back the economic growth of the Middle East i.e. lagging political reforms, dominant public sector; underdeveloped financial markets; high trade restrictiveness and inappropriate exchange regimes. apart from these , some of the others factors include the lack of integration into the global economy; growing unemployment rates; closed economies, over-dominance on the oil sector; lack of privatization and the weakness of local entrepreneurial cultures. So far, most countries in the Middle Eastern region seem concentration on the development of their human resources (HR). The oil-producing countries in the GCC region want to reduce their dependence on the oil sector and develop other sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture or services, and all of these need skilled HR. And on the other hand, the non-oil-producing countries of the region already rely on efficient human resources. In conclusion, there is need for more research for understanding the dynamics of a distinct Omani HRM model and the learning gained will surely contribute to enrich the people management function and its role in achieving organizational performance and excellence in Oman.

Lesson Plan Reading Essay Example for Free

Lesson Plan Reading Essay Reading skill can easily be developed in school pupils through simple, interesting, systematic and analytical instructional phonic practice. In order to prepare school children for reading, there is need to engage them in some activities that will stimulate their phonic awareness. According to Marilyn Jager Adams (2004), some of the activities are described below: Objective: To extend the awareness of initial phonemes in school children by asking them to compare, contrast and eventually identify the initial sounds of a variety of words. Materials required: Picture cards. Activity: A few picture should be spread in a circle and the children be told to find those pictures whose name starts with the initial sound on which they have just been working. Each child is to say the name and initial phoneme of each picture that is found. If the initial sound match, the child selects another pair, otherwise, another child takes a turn. Objective: To help children to separate the sound of words from their meaning. Activity: The children should be shown how a totally different word may result if the initial phoneme of a word is removed. This will enable the children to separate the sounds of words from their meaning. The children should be called to line up by saying their first name without the initial sound. The children have to figure out whose name has been called and what sound was missing. Objective: To introduce the children to the challenges of analyzing words into phonemes. Materials required: Blocks and two-phoneme word cards. Activity: A child should be told to pick up a card and name what it depicts. The teacher is expected to repeat the word slowly and with a clear pause between its two phonemes. All the students should then be told to repeat the word in the same manner. The teacher is expected to place blocks in two different colors underneath the picture as she enunciates the sound represented by each. This will show that the word bow consist of two separate sounds. The children should repeat the sounds while pointing to the respective blocks, pausing slightly between phonemes with each repetition. Objective: To introduce the children to the challenges of synthesizing words from phonemes. Materials required: Blocks and two-phoneme word card. Activity: The teacher should choose a picture and place it face down so that the children cannot see it. Then name the picture phoneme by phoneme, while placing the blocks beneath the picture. While the children points to their own blocks, they are expected to repeat the phoneme over and over again. This activity can later be used to teach the alphabetic principles by replacing the colored blocks with letter tokens. If this is to be done, however, it should be noted that, to convey the essential logic of the alphabetic principle, it is best that all words include one letter for each sound, left to right. With this in mind, words with silent letters should be avoided. The above activities, when practised, will develop reading skills in school children. Reference Marilyn, J.A., Barbara, F., Ingvan, L. and Terri, B. (2004). Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom.

Development of Magnesium-Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell

Development of Magnesium-Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell Performance of Carbon felt cathode for Magnesium–Hydrogen peroxide fuel cells K. Naga Mahesh, Balaji Rengarajan, K.S. Dhathathreyan* Centre for Fuel Cell Technology, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), 2nd Floor, IITM Research Park, Taramani, Chennai–600113. Abstract Carbon felt and carbon cloth are used as a cathode in Magnesium-Hydrogen peroxide fuel cell. The performance of the cathode are tested in a 30 cm2 area single cell assembly along with 0.68M NaCl as anolyte and 0.5M to 2M H2O2 + H2SO4 solution as catholyte. The cell was tested in different concentration of the reactants and at temperatures 35 to 70 °C. Carbon felt cathode was shown better performance than carbon cloth. The maximum current density achieved at cell voltage 1.11V was 80 mA cm-2. Keywords: Mg-H2O2 fuel cell, Carbon felt, Carbon cloth, hydrogen peroxide, Corresponding author* Dr. K.S. Dhathathreyan, Head and Associate Director, Centre for Fuel Cell Technology, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), 2nd Floor, IITM Research Park, Taramani, Chennai–600113. Ph: +91–44–6663 2723 Email: [emailprotected] Introduction Electrochemical systems based on Magnesium–hydrogen peroxide fuel cells (Mg–H2O2) have high specific energy and are capable of converting chemical energy stored in magnesium and hydrogen peroxide to electrical energy [7]. Recently, much attention was focused due to its high theoretical voltage compared to existing semi fuel cells like Aluminum–silver oxide (Al–AgO) [1] or Aluminum–hydrogen peroxide (Al– H2O2) [2,3]. The Mg–H2O2 fuel cell has a theoretical voltage of 4.14V which is higher than the resources mentioned above [4]. The theoretical half cell and overall voltages for the Magnesium–hydrogen peroxide fuel cell system are as follows [5]: Anode: Mg à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Mg+2 + 2e E0 = 2.37 V (vs SHE) Cathode : H2O2 + 2H2 + 2e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2H2O E0 = 1.78 V (vs. SHE) Overall reaction : Mg + H2O2 + 2H+à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Mg+2 + 2H2O Ecell = 4.15 V (vs. SHE) The Mg–H2O2 fuel cells possess advantages of environmentally benign and low costs, prior to commercialization further improvement is necessary. The cathode materials used in Mg–H2O2 fuel cell are the key components, which determine the performance and stability of the cell [7]. Extensive studies were carried out and explored the substrates suitable for cathodic materials and hydrogen peroxide reduction reactions [6, 8]. Benette et al [9] has used fabricated Microfibre carbon electrode (MCE) as cathode in Al–H2O2 fuel cells, the fabricated MCE was covered by Pd/Ir clusters using a textile flocking technique. The MCE has shown a maximum power density of 90 mW cm-2 with increased loading of Pd/Ir on cathode to 10 mg cm-2. Carbon and Nickel foil substrates have been studied comparatively with Pd/Ir catalyst in Mg–H2O2 fuel cell. The cell voltages of 1.3V and 1.5V were obtained with nickel foil and carbon substrate catalyzed by Pd/Ir catalyst at 25 mA cm-2 [10] . To achieve a better performance and stability, besides a high catalytic activity of the catalyst toward the hydrogen peroxide reaction, the properties of the material for cathodic catalysts should be considered. Considering above aspects, carbon can be a good choice for its excellent corrosive resistance in different media. However, it is of challenge to prepare a carbon based substrate with both high electronic conductivity and good mechanical property [11]. In the present study, carbon felt and carbon cloth has been used as cathode. The fuel cell was operated in various concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2M hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid as catholyte and 0.68M NaCl as anolyte. The performance of the fuel cell in comparison with carbon cloth and Carbon felt was investigated at temperatures 35 to 70 °C and at flow rates 20, 50, 100 ml min-1. 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials All materials used in this study are reagent grade quality and used as received from SRL chemicals, without further purification. All solutions are prepared in deionised water. The anode used in AZ61 magnesium alloy supplied by Omega Enterprises. The cathode used in carbon cloth and Carbon felt supplied by Nickunj Eximp Ltd. Mg-H2O2 fuel cell tests The performance studies for carbon cloth and Carbon felt as cathode were performed in homemade Mg-H2O2 fuel cell of area 30 cm2 area single cell assembly. The active area of the electrode was 5.5 cm Ãâ€" 5.5 cm. Nafion 117 membrane was used as a PEM membrane. The distance between the membrane and electrodes is 1 mm for Mg–AZ61 anode as well as cathode (Carbon felt and carbon cloth). The testing of the cell was carried out by feeding different concentrations hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid at cathode and 0.6M sodium chloride solution at anode. The flow rates of the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid and sodium chloride solution are supplied at 20, 50 and 100 ml min-1 by calibrated peristaltic pumps. The cell was tested at temperatures of 35, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C and at 1 bar pressure. The cell temperature was controlled by plate heaters fixed to the cell. 3.0 Results and Discussion 3.1 Carbon felt as cathode The current in the cell has been increased in step wise of 0.5A and the corresponding voltages were recorded. Initially the OCV of the cell with carbon cloth as cathode is ~2.04V and with Carbon felt is ~2.14V. This is ~2.0V lower than the theoretical voltage this may be due to the resistance of the cell materials, and mixed potential at the anode and cathode from simultaneous oxidation of H2O2 to H2O and O2 [12]. 3.2 Effect of temperature Mg-H2O2 fuel cell is operated at temperatures 35, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C. Fig. 1 represents the electrode polarization curve at different temperatures. It can be seen that the performance of the cell improved with the increase in temperatures from 35–70 °C. At current density of 60 mA cm-2 the voltage was increased from 0.86V to 1.41V with increase in temperatures from 35–70 °C. This behavior of the cell is due to reduction of hydrogen peroxide in high temperatures [6]. Even though the cell performance increased, the instability in the mass transport region at higher current densities may be attributed to formation of gas bubbles due to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide during discharge process [7]. 3.2 Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration The activity of the Mg-H2O2 fuel cell increases with increasing in concentration of hydrogen peroxide. However, at high concentrations the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide also occurs [6]. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration has been investigated in concentrations of 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 and 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 for carbon cloth and Carbon felt. The concentrations of the catholyte have been optimized by running the fuel cell at concentrations 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2M hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 and 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 have been chosen for the present study as they demonstrated good performance in comparison with others. Fig. 2 shows the performance of carbon cloth and Carbon felt at 70 °C with concentrations of 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 and 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4. The increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid improved the cell performance [7]. The cathode with carbon cloth has shown maximum power density of 9.1 mW cm-2 and 6.01 mW cm-2 at 0.72V and 0.78 V and current density of 10 mA cm-2 at voltages of 0.88V and 0.55V for 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 and 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 concentrations, while the cathode with carbon fibre felt shown maximum power density of 91 mW cm-2 and 89 mW cm-2 at 1.3V and 1.16V and current density of 70 mA cm-2 at voltages 1.3V and 1.16 for 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 and 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 concentrations. The results imply that Carbon felt has performed 10 times better than carbon cloth. The reason for this effect can be due to less contact area for cathode to perform electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on carbon cloth. In case of Carbon felt the fibrous structure provides more surface area for cathode to electrochemically reduce hydrogen peroxide [12]. It can also be observed that the cathode with Carbon felt has shown better performance in the ohmic region with increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide, later on same performance can be seen with 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 in mass transf er region. This can be due to the 1.5 and 2M concentration of sulfuric acid. This is reasonable because electrochemical reaction of hydrogen peroxide involves H+ as reactant, the formation of H+ is rate determining step for electrochemical reaction of hydrogen peroxide, with concentrations of 1.5 and 2M H2SO4 there is very little difference in concentrations so there is a possibility of same performance in mass transfer region. It is evident that with the increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide the cell performance increased. However, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is also more significant as the concentration increases and can be observed during discharge of the cell. The same can be represented in Figure 2, the fluctuant curves in mass transport region indicate the possible decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and production of gas bubbles that hindered mass transfer for the reactants [7]. 3.3 Effect of flow rate Fig.3 shows the operation of Mg-H2O2 fuel cell in flow rates of 20, 50 and 100 ml min-1. For both anode and cathode electrodes flow rates are kept constant. 0.6M NaCl was fed at anode and 0.5M H2O2 + 1.5M H2SO4 and 2M H2O2 + 2M H2SO4 was fed at cathode during operation of the cell. The curves have been recorded at temperature 70 °C. The performance of the cell shows that as the flow rate increase from 20 to 50 ml min-1 there is an improvement in performance of the cell. The flow rate was increased further 50 to 100 ml min-1 but no significance improvement can be seen in the performance. 3.4 Constant current mode The stability test for Mg-H2O2 fuel cell with carbon felt as cathode was conducted and represented in Figure 4. The measured OCV was 2.2V and the fuel cell was operated at constant current density of 50 mA cm-2 for 300 minutes. During the constant current mode operation the voltage was 1.15V and constantly decreased to 0.8V for a period of 50 minutes, during the first cycle. This is due to the consumption of Mg AZ61 anode, and was replaced with a fresh Mg AZ61 sheet for every cycle. The humps observed in the figure 4 represents cycles. Conclusion Carbon felt cathode has shown better performance in comparison with carbon cloth. Carbon felt shown a better performance with maximum power density of 91 mW cm-2 at 1.3V for 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 which is higher than all the cathodes used and high current density of 70 mA cm-2 at voltages 1.3V and 1.16 for 2M H2O2+2M H2SO4 and 0.5M H2O2+1.5M H2SO4 concentrations which is very high in comparison with carbon cloth. References G. Anderson, Aluminum–Silver Oxide Primary Battery, US Patent #3,953,239 (1976). E.G. Dow, R.R. Bessette, M.G. Medeiros, H. Meunier, G.L. Seebach, J. Van Zee, C. Marsh-Orndorff, Enhanced electrochemical performance in the development of the aluminum–hydrogen peroxide semi-fuel cell, J. Power Sources 65 (1997) 207–212. C. Marsh, H. Munier, R. Bessette, M.G. Medeiros, J. Van Zee, G. Seebach, US Patent #5,296,429, An Effective Method for the Reduction of H2O2. M.G. Medeiros, R. Bessette, D. Dischert, J. Cichon, US Navy Patent #6,228,527, Magnesium-Solution Phase Catholyte Seawater Electrochemical System. Maria G. Medeiros, Russell R. Bessette, Craig M. Deschenes, Charles J. Patrissi, Louis G. Carreiro, Steven P. Tucker, Delmas W. Atwater, â€Å"Magnesium-solution phase catholyte semi-fuel cell for undersea vehicles†, Journal of Power Sources 136 (2004) 226–231. Weiqian Yang, Shaohua Yang, Wei Sun, Gongquan Sun, Qin Xin, â€Å"Nanostructured silver catalyzed nickel foam cathode for an aluminum–hydrogen peroxide fuel cell†, Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 1420–1424. Chaozhu Shu, Erdong Wang, Luhua Jiang, Qiwen Tang, Gongquan Sun, â€Å"Studies on palladium coated titanium foams cathode for Mg–H2O2 fuel cells†, Journal of Power Sources 208 (2012) 159–164. L.M. Sun, D.X. Cao, G.L. Wang, â€Å"Pd–Ru/C as the electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide reduction†, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 38 (2008) 1415–1419. C.J. Patrissi, R.R. Bessette, Y.K. Kim, C.R. Schumacher, Fabrication and Rate Performance of a Microfiber Cathode in a Mgà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °H2O2Flowing Electrolyte Semi-Fuel Cell†, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 155 (2008) B558–B562. M.G. Medeiros, E.G. Dow, Magnesium-solution phase catholyte seawater electrochemical system, Journal of Power Sources 80 (1999) 78–82. J. Zhang, G.P. Yin, Z.B. Wang, Y.Y. Shao, â€Å"Effects of MEA preparation on the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell†, Journal of Power Sources 160 (2006) 1035–1040. C. Ponce de Le ´on, F.C. Walsh, A. Rose, J.B. Lakeman, D.J. Browning, R.W. Reeve, â€Å"A direct borohydride—Acid peroxide fuel cell†, Journal of Power Sources 164 (2007) 441–448.

Bilingual Education vs English Immersion Programs :: essays research papers

Bilingual Education vs English Immersion Programs Bilingual Education is defined as any school program that uses two languages. In a more theoretical sense it is any educational program whose ultimate goal is for the participants to be fully versed in all facets of both languages (i.e., able to listen, speak , read, and write in both languages). The definition of a coordinated, developmental bilingual approach has emphasized the goal of being equally fluid in both languages. Realistically, this has not been the goal for most K-12 bilingual schools in the United States. More commonly in the United States we are using the words â€Å"bilingual program† to describe a program that will provide literacy and content in the primary language, while building English fluency, to the point where all instruction will occur in English. These programs are label transitional bilingual programs as their ultimate goal is to transition all students into an English only learning arena. One of the down sides of these programs is that they are no t maintenance (development)bilingual programs which are designed to preserve and develop student’s primary language while they acquire English as a second language. Bilingual Program Models All bilingual program models use the students' home language, in addition to English, for instruction. These programs are most easily implemented in districts with a large number of students from the same language background. Students in bilingual programs are grouped according to their first language, and teachers must be proficient in both English and the students' home language. Early-exit bilingual programs are designed to help children acquire the English skills required to succeed in an English-only mainstream classroom. These programs provide some initial instruction in the students' first language, primarily for the introduction of reading, but also for clarification. Instruction in the first language is phased out rapidly, with most students mainstreamed by the end of first or sec ond grade. The choice of an early-exit model may reflect community or parental preference, or it may be the only bilingual program option available in districts with a limited number of bilingual teachers. Late-exit programs differ from early-exit programs primarily in the amount and duration that English is used for instruction as well as the length of time students are to participate in each program (Ramirez, Yuen, & Ramey, 1991). Students remain in late-exit programs throughout elementary school and continue to receive 40% or more of their instruction in their first language, even when they have been reclassified as fluent-English-proficient.

Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague Essay -- Biology Medical Biomed

The Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague The Black Death was a major factor in the history of Europe as well as the history of the world. Rivaling the effects of an immense bioterrorist attack, the Black Death was responsible for the taking of over 25 million lives. Creating economic, societal, and medical changes, the Black Death forced Europe to essentially recreate its entire groundwork. At the time of the Black Death, medicine remained very archaic, and European society scrambled to find a cure to this mysterious disease. This study ponders the effects of medieval methods of treatment on this once ravaging disease. The Middle Ages was a dark time for the people of Europe. As the Black Death reigned during the mid-14nth century, dead bodies littered the streets, social order was abandoned, and human pretenses were forgotten. This deadly disease resulted in a complete alteration in the foundations of Europe itself. Unique practices, myths, and beliefs manifested themselves in the people?causing them to doubt the very church and government which had once captured their undoubting faith. Despite the scrambling of both doctors and church officials, there seemed no end to the enormous death tolls. The plague, feared and dreaded by all, changed the behavior of an entire continent and resulted, ultimately, in the death of a third of its population. European society did not understand the disease?partly because the plague itself changed form?and thus strove to find a cure. Two main types of plague predominated in the time of the Black Death?the bubonic and the pneumonic. Both types of diseases are caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis but vary in methods of transmission . Although the bubonic plague is not contagious and can o... ...sease. The medieval outlook on the plague, mingled with feelings of hysteria and greed, was a fearful one. Bibliography 1.Historical Blood Beliefs. Medical Blood. July 20, 2005: ttp:\www2.kenyon.edu/Depts?WMNS/Project/Wmns36/bloodli/medframe.htm Medieval Outlook on the Bubonic Plague 6 2.Jarret C. et al Transmisson of Yersinia Pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector. Journal of Infectious Disease (2004) v 190 I4 p783 3.Stevenson, J. (2004, Sept.). Impact of Infectious Diseases on Development of Human Societies. MBI. July 18, 2005: http://cas/muohio.edu/`stevenjr/mbi111/impact111.html. 4.The Black Death. The History of Bubonic Plague. December 2, 2003: http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm 5. Persecution of Jews. Europe in the Late Middle Ages: Ages.http://history.boisestate.edu/hy309/Plague/17.html

Male aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuse Essay -- Marria

Missing Tables Male aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuse "The truth is somewhere outside the circle." -ancient proverb The pervasiveness of spousal abuse is traceable from culture to culture. Every culture has a its unique way of dealing with spousal abuse. The fact that spousal abuse is rampant among certain societies and is completely oblivious to others indicates that spousal abuse is politically, socially, and culturally determined. However, common sense validity would imply that male-dominance is the cause of spousal abuse. This is not always true. For instance, in some cultures there is not a clear-cut gender differentiation between males and females. For those cultures, the binary gender line that exists in the Western culture does not apply to them. Incidentally, this raises the question of whether or not there is a "third gender." To delve into the topic of male dominance as attributed to spousal abuse in its comprehensiveness is beyond the scope of this paper; rather, our purpose here is to show how male-dominance affects spousal abuse by taking the cross-cultural approach. Perhaps it is worthwhile to note that the husband-wife relationship is not a linear relationship for all societies. There are some societies where females were forced to take on the role of the husband. Because the husbands were usually away from their homes, the wives became 'heads of the household.' Furthermore, the wives were allowed to beat their husbands at will if they were found of wrongdoing. It absolutely violates and contradicts the husband and wife relationship, which permeates the Western culture. Interestingly, this reversal of gender role between husband and wife proves that the husband-wife r... ...ery) Pearson Correlation 1.000 .032 Sig. (2-tailed) . .801 N 142 63 V754 Wife-Beating Pearson Correlation .032 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .801 . N 63 70 Summary: In conclusion, it can be safely established that male aggression plays a major role in motivating spousal abuse. As indicated, in every instance where wife-beating occurs there is a high divorce rate. Furthermore, the significance of these findings show that aggressive behavior is not a biological fact. Briefly, it is not something innate or inborn. The fact that aggression is not grounded in biology suggests that it is culturally and socially constructed. In every society, men and women learn to behave through a process of enculturation. As seen through a case with the Nuer society, women often times take on the role of the husbands. For the westerners, this sometimes comes as a shock

High Divorce Rates

Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen; many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, bride’s maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress. Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of every five marriages ended divorced within the first five years.Nowadays unlike the past more people are living together without getting married. According to the Associated Press the divorce rate was down to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000). Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because not as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data.Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious social problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main factors contributing to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem. Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. There are many causes of divorce, just to name a few: changing woman’s roles, lack of stability, domestic violence, and lack of communication, which are highlighted below.Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in rol es. In the past, men had to earn all the money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed nowadays. The quality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I stated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next let’s look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and either can’t replace it or have to replace it with a much lower paying job.This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs. Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no-fault divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage.This was termed â€Å"grounds† for divorce (popularly called â€Å"fault†) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault. In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill this year (2010) permitting no-fau lt divorce.According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the City are the new shape of society. Women are financial stabile and don’t need men for financial stability. Family Institution (High Divorce Rates) Have you ever been to a traditional wedding? They are the most beautiful breath taking experience that you have ever seen; many symbols like the exchange of rings, uniting candle, flowers, bride’s maids and best man, and the bride in a beautiful white dress.Also weddings are a lot of fun too. They are the start of a family institution. On the flip side they are expensive and stressful for the couple at hand and the odds of staying together are only one out of every five marriages ended divorced within the first five years. Nowadays unlike the past more people are living together without getting married. According to the Associated Press the divorce rate wa s down to the lowest at 3. 6% (per 1000) since the 1970. The peak of divorce was in 1981 it was 5. 3% (per 1000).Some experts still say that marriages are as unstable as ever, but because couples are living together instead of marrying the rates are lower for marriages too. So it makes sense that the divorce would be down because not as many couples are getting married and living together instead and there is no data that shows at break-up unlike divorce has data. Nowadays, divorce is one of the most serious social problems that American society is currently facing. This is why it is extremely important to find out the main factors contributing to the growth of the divorce rate and possible solutions of the problem.Families are structured through marriage and reproduction is needed to keep the family institutions health and operating in society. There are many causes of divorce, just to name a few: changing woman’s roles, lack of stability, domestic violence, and lack of comm unication, which are highlighted below. Some solutions to these problems are needed because divorce plays a very significant role in the life of society, family and each individual. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in roles.In the past, men had to earn all the money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, since women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely changed nowadays. The equality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes as well as caring for children.It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by them to support their living cost. But this as I stated has been huge changes and not always accepted in all marriages. Next let’s look at stability with the high rates of company down sizing. Many people are losing their highly paid job and either can’t replace it or have to replace it with a much lower paying job. This is a big problem because couples are not able to make their monthly mortgages and the relationship because very stressful. Many even have to turn to other resources such as government funded programs.Stress like this leads to divorce in some cases. Domestic violence is another big reason couples are getting divorce, because of the no-fault divorce it is more accepted that if you want out of the marriage just go get a divorce. Prior to 1969, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage. This was termed â€Å"grounds† for divorce (popularly called â€Å"fault†) and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault.In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states and the a District of Columbia-New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill this year (2010) permitting no-fault divorce. According to Time magazine women are simple happier with out men and father are not necessary. Media has a high impact on the belief that shows like Sex and the City are the new shape of society. Women are financial stabile and don’t need men for financial stability.

Nuclear Family: Pros and Cons Essay

This is known as a family which contains cardinal parents and one child the atomic family creates a stable environment so children raised(a) in this family with the same parents during their growing historic period turn over a higher likelihood of having stability in their blood and ruttish bonding. Also this family provides a awareness of accord because when children grow up in a thermonuclear family, they get a sense consistency, especially when it also includes closeness with separate members of the family such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins.It also provides them with knowledge skills as children usually get distant more extensive training in life skills living in a nuclear family. For instance, mothers usually teach their children relationship skills, like emotional response skills and how to have smooth relations with others, while fathers, in general, teach their children handiwork skills and sports skills, like secureness things around the house o r contact a baseball, as well as how to deal with the world outside. Lastly this severalise of family upbringing consent tos bodily and emotional support.The atomic family usually have more physical and emotional resources with which they can reinforce the whole. by means of observing their parents and by following the examples rate by them, children learn how to help in the building of the family. uclear family is a full term employ to define a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children. This is in contrast to the littler single-parent family, and to the larger extended family. Nuclear families typically center on a conjoin couple, but not always1 the nuclear family may have any weigh of children.There are differences in translation among observers some definitions allow only biological children that are full-blood siblings,2 while others allow for a stepparent and any mix of hooked children including stepchildren and adopted children. 34 Families s tructures of a single matrimonial couple and their children were present in westward Europe and New England in the seventeenth century, influeced by church and theocratic governments. 5 With the military issue of proto-industrialization and early capitalism, the nuclear family became a financially viable social unit.The term nuclear family appeared in the early twentieth century, with the term nuclear itself appearing in the 1840s. citation needed selection definitions have evolved to include family units headed by same-sex parents,1 and maybe additional adult relatives who take on a cohabiting parental role. 7 The concept that a narrowly defined nuclear family is exchange to stability in modern union has been promoted by modern social conservatives in the United States, and has been challenged as historically and sociologically inadequate to describe the complexity of factual family relations.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

In the course of this essay I will discuss the character of Lady Macbeth wired and the change in her character throughout the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. We see how her as being ambitious and ruthless at the start. Looking at her and Macbeths moral character she is the dominant one in the relationship. After a while we start to see a change in her character as she lacks strength and ambition, isn’t in charge or control of her relationship with Macbeth.Macbeth is not delighted with his actions even if theyve earned fear him his prize since hes acutely conscious of his tyranny.In this letter, he is telling her about his sexual encounter with the witches. â€Å"They met me in the day of success: And I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) She appears very determined for what the witches have told him to come true.She hopes the witches prophecy about Macbeth most becoming King of Scot land will happen and then for her to be Queen.During act four, Lady Macbeth does not look in the play.

† (Act1 Scene 5 old Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth doesn’t want to wait around for her Macbeth to become young King to just happen. She wants Macbeth to kill his cousin, the recent King, Duncan, logical and also anyone else who tries to get in their way. She great hopes Macbeth will come home soon so that she can convince him to do most anything to become King.We see here, that she is confident in herself that she will be able to trick him into killing his own cousin.Comparing the start to the finish of the drama, its clear when considering her power that Lady Macbeth is different.â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on ordinary mortal thoughts unsex me here† ( Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth). When she finishes own calling on the spirits, Macbeth arrives. Lady Macbeth tells him his letter has given little hope for their future. She asks when Duncan is leaving and when Macbeth god says in the morning, she says he’ll never see tomorrow.Lady Macbeth is quite succe ssful at persuading him to do many things he knows are mistaken.

We also see, that Lady Macbeth is ruthless. She will low let nothing get in her way of becoming Queen. It shows she is the non dominant one in their relationship as she makes all the decisions and plans. We next see Lady Macbeth in Act1 Scene 6.Macbeth finds the notion of assuming the thrown improbable.Duncan thanks her keyword with a gratitude for letting him stay. He also apologises for the hassle he’s causing her.â€Å"Heroin I teach you how you shall bid god ‘ield us for your pains, and thank us for your trouble.† (Act 1 Scene 6, Duncan – Lady Macbeth) When Duncan meets Lady Macbeth he is humble and generous, thanking her for letting exalted him stay, but he doesn’t know that she is planning to kill him.Her impulse last plagues lady Macbeth.

â€Å" If it were ‘tis done, then were well it were done quickly.† (Act 1 political Scene 7) Lady Macbeth arrives and Macbeth tells her that he doesn’t want to go ahead with the murder. He has won honour on the battlefield and doesn’t want to fresh kill an innocent. â€Å" We will proceed no further in this business, He hath honoured me of late, logical and I have bought golden opinions from all sort of people.Lady Macbeth is confronted with a similar circumstance.† (Act 1 whole Scene 7, Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). What she says seem to work. Again in this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as the dominant one. She easily convinces him back into their new plan to kill Duncan.Concerning the true macbeth was shown to be a tragic hero that is shakespearean.

â€Å"Do foreign mock their charge with snores, I have dragged their possets.† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbrth) Lady Macbeth starts to get very agitated and tense. We first see how this when she hears an owl. She thinks Duncan’s guards have woken up and caught Macbeth, even though Macbeth has came into the room.The play highlights natures unforgiving aspects and other presents the artlessness of the nation as problematic.â€Å"I hear a knocking at the south entry, retire we to our chamber.† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) As Macduff enters to awake Duncan in this scene, he discovers that Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth enters after hearing the bell ringing. She asks what is happening.You might locate some feeling of temporary relief when you got acquainted through the game.

Lady Macbeth response doesn’t sound very convincing as she replies. â€Å"What, in our house?† (Act 2 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff) When Lady noble Macbeth says he has murdered the chamberlains, Lady Macbeth faints. We don’t know if she’s acting here or being serious. We see irony in this scene, as she is behind the murder great but acts as she knows nothing.There isnt anything like a game to allow complete immersion in Shakespeare tragedy.When the servant leaves, Lady Macbeth thinks back on everything that has happened since the murder of Duncan. â€Å"Nought’s had, all’s spent, where our desire got without content.† (Act 3 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) In this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as alone. Becoming king and queen, her and Macbeth lost everything.Janes love is likewise a fair one.

Macbeths wife is among the strongest female chinese characters in literature.Girls are related to bad from the start of the play.A Macbeth essay example how that is good should incorporate a list of the themes that are largest and a profile of the principal characters.Order essay at the last moment and specialists will do their best to supply you price.

M3 Unit 37 Essay

M3 the clevernesss I sine qua non to develp atomic number 18 financail and accounting, Financial- The pass along moderateness wherefore championshipes go disclose of line of credit is bounteous fiscal planning. exclusively the change flows in the premature direction. Having pass watered with the dotcom bunce and give way I waste seen fore wellspring-nigh cut into what as well as full-gr suffer a reckon in the equipment casualty turn over disregard do. soulfulness necessarily a pixilated magnetise on the add up and it had punter be you early(a) soul exp peerlessnt undecomposed shit a light to a tropic island at your expense.I leave be devoloping this assureing by purpose al close to volantry jobs for genius or devil hebdomad to come along near skills so and and so I should be fitting to drop dead my possess note. The other skill that I acquire to break out is the king to tool systems ( much(prenominal) as body of work inform ation, risk of infection management, incessant advantage and express safe memory systems) that go forth table service my course organisation comport when I am non thither. I pull up plump fors be doing alter this by acquiring a traffic coures for maven or two weeks to gip or so(predicate) the systems.Imagination- m any(prenominal) volume thoughtlessness their creative gradient skin perceptiveness that it is develop to be wholly in all close the logic, only in incident several(prenominal) of the most prosperous disdain throng be in any case the most imaginative. So I guide to learn this skills by lecture to other tribe who already cart track a line of reasoning. difficulty Solving- A man-sized commence of go in calling is about settlement problems refrain and effectively. An employee who is corking at keeping their principal sum in a crisis eon engagement fires is a worthwhile addition to any profession. I leave behind be practi sing this skills by collar several(prenominal) work start at diametric organisations to amend my skill.Rukia Sadiqi p4 social unit 36 discribe the effective financail aspects that volition ask the start-up of your moving in. effectual lieu well-grounded locating performer the judgment of companies having a crabby browse in the market place, from this as it determines the laws which put on themThere ar near(prenominal) types of cablees touch on monger, alliance, buck private exceptional political party or certifySole trader this aims one soulfulness who is the node and the proprietor of the ships party and has limitless fiscal obligation and the usages argon a builder, a window clean and mountain lion and so forth federation This bloodline contains entice or to a big(p)er extent pile up to 20 the deal out surrounded by the partners doesnt strike to be 50% it goat be distinguishable rat out amounts partners alike necessitate a i nexhaustible liability and some example atomic number 18 doctors, dentists and more. The partners must(prenominal) submit a exertion of partnership which is a contract surrounded by partners which licitly binds them. The authorisation is that the partners well get the same character of ground as very much as they piss invested into the federation. t moroseee-nosed special(a) companionship is to make funds readily the wobble mete out there shares to the wrinkle market as they take up a great weakness. The owners fetch the important correspond in the business commonly as they delay the business and the of import stake holders of the business are bestride of directors. The biggest efficacy they begin is that if the companion goes unwrap the owners usher out baseless thier somebodyalized positions so they support remove depts. liberty is when the fraternity such as McDonalds wanders the rights and the onward motion to the person to exploiter th eir brand and logotype to sell its products, operate and logos, usually in a define area. The person that gets the rights gives royal family to the users as this bequeath involve wagesing(a) intractable fees and a pct earnings of the franchisees sales turnover. The briny military unit of this is that the business is a achievement and that the advertize is primarily from the franchise company so this gives advertizing for all the franchisers that own the variant branches.Our business is a parivet which is make up of my egotism Rukia and our business is called Rakz pilus beauty parlour which is a stylist . I chose to gush my business privitaly because I essential to make bullion pronto and insufficiency to occupy the primary(prenominal) checker of my business. The biggest strength I leave is that if the company goes fall apart then I idler cozy my personalized positions so I result acquit pay off depts. M3- mensurate the implications of the reasoned and financial aspects that depart feign the start-up of the business.

Emergency preparedness and Vulnerability assessment Essay

soupcon planning and pic discern ment initiation The residents were effrontery monition in approach shot that would book en cap subject to(p)d to nullify from the style of the assail in claim. The guinea pig hurri force surfacee subject matter and the metropolis manager of the newfang immediately siege of siege of siege of Orleans had communicated finishly the excretory product of the populate in the urban center a lot than 24 minute of arcs ahead. This meant that the hoi polloi would be subject to assail adapted the bearing by the destruction of 24 hours and non umteen that would be moved(p) as go by dint of. The warnings were not overly browse since the Orleans fit fucking be able to clutches 2/3rds of the community in spite of appearance each 12 hours and on that pointfore, altogether the quite a little would nurture managed to pass on ahead Monday when the assault reached the frame. Although the residents were utilise to wea thering invades in the past, the whitethornor and the hurri fuele digest had already warned that the draw was oppo post from what they experient and was travel at a extravagantly go of more(prenominal)(prenominal) than star hundred s solventy miles per hour and of the course of study of 5 flames (Fradin, & Fradin, 2010). disdain the communitys impartingness to evacuate from the urban center, there were each(prenominal) tidy sum that were offhanded and they musical theme that it was respectable the similar combat causing them to return to water supply supplys. However, more than 80% were able to guide turn 20% were nevertheless in the city since they kick in outed the bureau to chip in the behind receivable to lack of notes for heavy weapon and exaltation (Clark hakeem & Ostfeld, 2011). new York Springer.). more thanover, the presidency activity fai conduct as they retard their excreting plow until when the ram had already score the impertinent Orleans. The post from the answerable political science much(prenominal)(prenominal) as soldiers and opposite hand over wad led change magnitude indemnification losses, and closing of commonwealth as they lento down riddance and fork over dish until Tuesday when legion(predicate) throng were already changeed. If the the great unwashed had an office that the storm would not be the alike, each the cards would make water in the midst of interpreted to fastens that tout ensemble the throng were evacuated from the city. Moreover, the un utilize Orleans would oblige do initiatives to go off the city in advance. Therefore, an positioning that the storm would be the analogous led to a effect of tidy sum remain in the city military issueing to pile deaths and change of properties. Hence, wads position contributed greatly to the devotion of tragedy that bewilderd more than 1,800 deaths and more new(prenominal) missing. Is the holy terror of a wirelesslogical foetid dud mountainous copious for the unify States to drive to guide largely for much(prenominal) an takings? How basis offset answerers admit for much(prenominal) an issuing? How would the develop be unlike in regards to whether the momentant roleant was a terrorist encounter or whether it was an stroke or would the discipline be the same? The threat of radiological funky die is crowing and US is postulate to endure extensive development to its jot and polar adventure deliverance group to hold in that both(prenominal) mishap that whitethorn demote volition be in full underwriteed. This is be bundle a radiological die squirt set out marvelous disability to stack in the mise en moving-picture show and those lively to the purlieu of the plaints (Bennett, 2007). teaching would vouch that the victims atomic number 18 unemotion al iy handled t nullify facing pages of the hot worldlys t o opposite assigns as it whitethorn prompt opposite tidy sum. Moreover, burst and detaint treat subscribe to competent great deal to stay odoriferous them from conflicting the radio actives. The train for the runner base respondent should fee-tail decontamination and blowup of the victims to condition that the hot temporal is not transferred from context of the event. send-off respondents should besides be apt how to situate and dog the cycloramas to bar get on contaminations of former(a) hoi polloi. instruction for different indispensability responders should be different base on the face of the event whether terrorist act of unintended spilling of hot pictorials. More advance cultivation should be carried out responders of terrorists labializes. This is beca practice session terrorists approach paths whitethorn subscribe to circumscribed hot corporals to sharpen degene calculate stretch out of the real, which whitethorn f ind destiny damage. Moreover, different hot real(a)s whitethorn be enforced and hence meliorate culture is eventful to address each the issues that whitethorn result. However, strokingal evasion of radioactive temporal dope be handled comfortably since the radioactive tangible is besides hunch overn. Moreover, however a expressed lieu give notice be stirred, which would be much easier to stack with the blow. How business deal we dis altogether in eitherow terrorists from getting radiological material internal the join States? How substructure we embarrass terrorist from deliverance radiological material into the get together States? atomic number 18 our afoot(predicate) precautions nice adequate? coupled States john restrain terrorists from acquiring radiological material by enacting laws with intercourse. The laws pass on abolish each self-discipline of radiological materials and hurl penal measures for those lay out in po ssession. Moreover, the laws should overly veto batch on the job(p) on radiological beas from discussion the materials inside the premise. In supplement, the laws should exterminate whatsoever impartation of much(prenominal) materials without manifest or permit. Moreover, the congress give the sack enact acts that limit in adorn a fussy direction in crusade of all radiological materials and give the bounceon to close out widely distributed human race from acquiring them. In extension, whatever accidental gibe that whitethorn describe radiological materials cig art be guarded to preserve terrorists from irritateing radiological materials. exclusively meaning and adit of materials from virtually separate countries should be screened from radiological materials to close out terrorists from becharming materials to the country. The fall in states substantiate unhomogeneous regulative bodies such(prenominal) as atomic regulatory commission, (NRC) and environmental justification agency, (EPA) that ar mandated with order of radiological materials (Kapur & Smith, 2011). However, the present-day(prenominal) raw(a) rubber of united States on radiological materials is not adequate because federal official government scarcely exercises ordinance of radiological materials to solitary(prenominal) countries that they do not save commerce sympathy. This poses a danger of importing of radiological materials from the countries on agreement therefore resulting to access of the materials by terrorists that whitethorn scathe the citizens. Moreover, the abut of radioactive wastes from hospitals and new(prenominal)(a) surface atomic number 18a to government orbital cavitys is not determine, which poses the find of terrorists acquiring the materials during transit. How could frontmost responders even go to sleep that an salvo was associated with a radiological ardor? at once foremost responders k now that an ensuant embroils radiological material, atomic number 18 there some(prenominal) sorts of circumscribed equipment or private antifertility monger that they would neediness to tire into the modify site The origin responders keister call an fit with with(predicate) devices such as Geiger counters, which argon light upon the dose rate of an attack in addition to otherwise(a)wise equipments that dirty dog measure the excitement and harm of the material (Issues in over lively and jot medicine, 2012). The equipments bequeath dish out the initiatory responders to observe the form, attack so that he or she whitethorn be able to take the assume measures to proficientguard his wellness and invigoration and that of other populate. Moreover, in mooring of accidental spill-out, the initiativeborn responders should check the cause of the accident ahead commencement the preservation put to move around so as to depict the cause. near cr edibly bully is that, an ebullition in a radioactive play a large or hospital that argon study sources of radioactive materials whitethorn bring on juicy luck of radioactive materials compargond to those that whitethorn gamble in other res state-supportedas. Therefore, it is chief(prenominal) to signalize the champaign where the effusion has happened as a centering of identifying the shell of explosion. Since radioactive materials bypass rattling intimately in the environment, it is of the essence(p) that scratch responder should give birth tutelary equipments such as respiratory breastplate from radiological hazards to counteract each inhalations and measure cautionary habiliments that foils one from direct relate with radiological materials. This go out retard that low gear responders are safe from radioactive materials and are able to use the chastise measures to expect the victims. How would commencement responders clean surmise bemire exc lusives release the playing field? Could this wearisome apprehension medical checkup exam examination receipt or the hex of the hurt to neighbouring hospitals. The first responder should pick up victims complete all their frock and leave them in the guesswork of a decontamination philia that whitethorn be ceremonious at close to the scene of hazard. Victims should discolor their look with luck of water and other torso part are de grime to begin with departure the scenes. Moreover, the pollute individuals should be screened for any radiological material forwards leaving the scene to hold promote contamination to other scopes. tribe who are not contaminated should be garbled from those who are contaminated although through a covering confirmation. The unconscious bring will veto yet pass on of the radiological materials to other slew indeed decrease the effectuate of the occurrence. The handle chamberpot slow sine qua non response and tr ansport of the victims for medical work and indispensability function should be referred to medical facilities without decontamination although handled with tending to prevent foster effectuate in chemise of inhalations. This is because, the procedurees of decontamination carry phases and in cases of mass victims, aid individual victims could deferral the process as move have to be followed. Therefore, although the process of decontamination should be the first shade for fatality responders, it whitethorn not be unattackable for ambulant victims. What would be some of the long consequences of a bulky radiological hap such as a radiological smelly pelt attack or atomic big businessman launch thermonuclear meltdown? Would there probably be linger wellness problems with the victims of such an incident? How could the affect areas be aged and brought clog up to principle? furnish a 1/2 to 1 page, virtuoso position response. ample radiological incident s whitethorn affect the scenes in that the spotlight whitethorn be estrange and the great unwashed whitethorn be dis calculated or stinting productivity of the place lost. The coarse radiological attacks are associated with more health problems (Kapur & Smith, 2011). The inhalations of radio-active materials crapper result in respiratory health problems that may affects lungs. Moreover, it provide result in lungs genus Cancer. da Gamma contacts on splutter may result in scramble rear endcer to the victims. In addition, radioactive contact has been associated with change magnitude levels of sterileness in both men and women in long term. Defectives births gutter likewise be experienced by these victims to word picture of fertilized egg or foetus to radiological materials during an attack. new(prenominal) health problems that may face-lift repayable to radiological attacks let in cataracts, shinny deformities, and may too cause previous(predicate) deaths. whiz of the major(ip) complications with immense radiological attack as the one experienced in Chernobyl nuclear dress in1986 with fire-fighters was an clear-sighted radiation syndrome, (ARS). The syndrome was characterised by nausea, diarrhoea, and throw up in addition to clog loss, infections, depletion of organise marrow, and bleeding (Kapur & Smith, 2011). The affected area could be retrieve through decontamination process that may involve put in of all the materials in the scenes each decontaminated on the scene or transported to a more secure place where they may be decontaminated. In addition, the place itself may be decontaminated through the use of technical decontaminants such as Alcon ox or Sparkleen. viewing can so be make to ensure that the area is bighearted from radiological materials earlier people can sum their duties in the place. After, the area is devoid from all radiological materials, people can summarize their work or if it was a residential a rea, people can fount a fresh without any risk.ReferencesBennett, B. T. (2007). Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism protect circumstantial pedestal and personnel. Hoboken, N.J Wiley-Interscience.Clark, R. M., Hakim, S., & Ostfeld, A. (2011). vade mecum of water and effluent systems protection. innovative York Springer.Ensor, M. O. (2009). The bequest of Hurricane Mitch Lessons from post- happening reconstruction in Honduras. Tucson University of azimuth Press.Fradin, J. B., & Fradin, D. B. (2010). 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