Philiosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philiosophy - Essay Example It was a burning issue at that time and did not end until 1998. The environmental damage done became a source of great disturbance in the area and remained unsolved until 1998. Generally, Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Company who brought this parcel of land for dumping chemical wastes are the ones, blamed for this whole contamination and the harmful effects it imposed on the people living in the areas nearby and it is not wrong at all to put blame on them. (Michael Harold Brown, 1980) Did Hooker know the damage it has caused to the canal area over the years? Had the company done it intentionally or unintentionally? How much responsible is the government itself and public who got affected in this scenario? The company did know about the hazardous facts and also was aware of what it had done before closing the landfill in early 1950s. Otherwise, it did not have protested against its excavation. Further noticed, it removed itself from any kind of liability at the time of selling the lan d to the local government. This makes it evident without a doubt that the company knew what damage it has posed to the whole area. Both these reasons conform to the deduction that Hooker knew what he had done to Love canal. (Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. Public Affairs Dept.; 1980) Before closing the landfill in 1950s, the company took no necessary precaution but kept dumping its dangerous chemical wastes in the landfill, for who was going to raise a question on them. It was not after closing the landfill that Hooker started taking some precautionary actions. This time Hooker really worked and rather diligently to contain the wastes. It lined the canal with impenetrable concrete, and placed a waterproof ceramic cap over the chemicals to prevent rainwater from entering. There precautions far exceeded common practice at the time. Emphasis being on far exceeded. Why was the company so conscious about taking precautions at that time when it had not even bothered to take one before? Answer is again the same. Hooker knew the damage the contamination has done and for the same reason it had protested against the excavation of Love canal. The precautions were merely to hide the gruesome effects of its activities from the masses and government. Had there been no removal of the ceramic caps and concrete walls, no one would have known the damage company had done. (Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp. Public Relations Dept.; 1980; Seebauer & Barry 2000) In addition, the company did not disclose the details about the content of the landfill. There are great many facts that reach to the same conclusion: Hooker was the only one who was responsible for the environmental damage in Love canal and the nearby areas. It might be so that just to escape the heavy fine and charges for the violation of laws, the company did all the necessary dramatic performance to hide what they had done to the environment. The fact that public did not complaint about the health damage due to the dis astrous chemical wasting in the Love canal except some very few owes to another fact. Hooker was the major employer in the area and had some great influence. This was enough to stop them from speaking against the company. Their own jobs would have been in danger if they even thought about bringing the matter up to the Government’s consideration. Hooker Chemicals was in no way a socially responsible company, also witnessed by numerous citizens.

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay Arthur Miller was born in New York City on October 17th, 1915. His parents were both immigrants in the United States and lead a prosperous life because of the success of his fathers clothing manufacturing business. But the arrival of the disastrous Wall Street crash distorted his business along with the rest of the American economy. As the result, Miller worked as a warehouseman. A View from the Bridge was in a single act in its first version and was produced this way first in verse in 1955. This was then revised and was extended into a two-act play in 1956 when it was presented at the Comedy Theatre in London. In this assignment I will be discussing the role of the protagonist in A View from the Bridge, and I will look into his downfall and the part that he played in it. I will also be looking at the Aristotelian elements of a tragedy that Miller has used, and I will be highlighting and explaining the important dialogue and stagecraft. The play is set in a domestic area of New York called Red Hook and he describes it as the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. It has its roots in the late 1940s when Miller became interested in the everyday lives and work of the dockworkers of New Yorks Brooklyn harbour, where he had previously worked. He described it as a dangerous and mysterious world at the waters edge that drama and literature had never touched where many people worked and were poorly paid, exploited by their bosses, and importantly many were immigrants to the United States. This led to them being treated unequally and they faced racism as the whites were considered as a powerful race. Other factors that played a part in Miller writing this play was the Cold War, which occurred during the 1940s and which affected the economy and arose censorship and freedom. During this time a young lawyer friend of Millers also told him a story about a longshoreman who had ratted to the Immigration Bureau on two brothers, who were living illegally in his very own home. He also visited Sicily a few years later where he say huge levels of poverty that played a part in him including characters of Italian origin and keeping poverty as one of the main themes of this play. These above factors were the entire cultural context that led to Miller writing yet another very influential play A View from the Bridge. This play is a modern tragedy and Miller has followed the rules of a tragedy written by the famous Greek Philosopher Aristotle in a book called Poetics. This book stated that for a play to be a tragedy it should have certain characteristics. Miller has followed these Aristotelian features carefully and this can be seen in the play. Firstly, a prologue accompanies the play in order to make it easier for the audience to concentrate more on the actual lesson being taught by the play rather that getting confused. Alfieri acts as the chorus/narrator, the audiences interpreter of events; he is both commentator and participant in the play and punctuates the action. He introduces new themes and at the same time informs us about the present events and reminds us of past events. He creates interest in the audience by giving them clues and signs of future events, for example we know that the play will end in someones death as he mentions sat there as powerless as I, and watched it run its bloody course. A sense of inevitability is also created in Aristotelian tragedies that can be seen in the above dialogue where Alfieri feels powerless and suggests that this has happened before and is therefore retrospective. Another device known as hubris is also used which is a point in the play of no return and creates immense inevitability. The audience is made to feel a purging of emotions, which is a device known as catharsis. This along with pauses between dialogue and dramatic irony, which is when the audience knows more than the characters, creates tension and heightens their sympathy for some characters or heightens hatred for others. Stage Directions have been used well and they build on dialogue and show how the characters are feeling. Miller has also used stagecraft to an extensive level, and he uses the stage and effects such as lighting to symbolise conflict and other things. For example, the stage consists of the Carbone household and Alfieris law office which represents a conflict between natural and constitutional law, a main theme of the play. This is also an effective use of unity of time and place as the main places of action have been put closely to avoid confusion. Tragedies are also meant to teach and are therefore didactic. For example, community bonds and effects of betrayal are highlighted when Eddie recites to Catherine a fable about former neighbour Vinny Bolzano who had snitched to the immigration about his uncle. He uses this as a warning to Catherine and to make it clear to her the consequences of telling anyone about the illegal entry of Beatrices cousins. They should also involve universal truths so that people can relate to the play with real life. This play teaches many universal truths such as how to love, natural and constitutional law and the community. There is also a unity of time and place which is a device used so that it is easier for the audience to understand the action and so that they can focus on the morals taught by the play. Miller has carefully set up the tragic heros role in this play, in a way so that he matches the description of Aristotles tragedy characteristics. The protagonist isnt famous or rich, but he is seen to have the potential to become great. He also has a fall, which in this case is his death and is caused by a flaw or an error of judgement that is also occurs here. The fall also inspires pity and terror in the audience and in the process teaches them. The other characters are also affected by this fall but in the end there is a restoration of order.

Role Of The Women Of Hamlet English Literature Essay

Role Of The Women Of Hamlet English Literature Essay The women of William Shakespeares Hamlet appear to be frail, passive figures used as pawns and dying prematurely after the mistreatment of men. However, there is more to Gertrude and Ophelia than meets the eye. Even though Hamlet is certainly not a play based on women, both female characters are more active than their vices and virtues previously lead us to believe. A closer inspection reveals that the true roles these female characters took on had purpose; these women were not as passive as they seem at first glance. Our first perception of Gertrude is  influenced by Hamlets response to learning she has married her brother-in-law after he has murdered her husband.  Hamlet shows anger and disillusionment toward her, believing that she should remain loyal to the memory of his father the king. Yet, there is no evidence that she knows of the murder Claudius has committed. It appears she has allowed herself to be seduced by Claudius, but once again there is no evidence of whether the seduction has taken place before the death of King Hamlet or afterwards. Gertrude finds herself in a position where she is conflicted by the roles different men wish her to play. She feels somewhat guilty about her sons disappointment in her, but feels that she can do nothing about the situation due to her relationship with Claudius. Claudius also has expectations of her, including his wish that she disregard Hamlet and remain loyal only to him. It could be said Gertrude is so fickle she lacks virtue, however, in Act II, scene IV, she shows motherly concern for Hamlets welfare and makes plans to speak with him in her chamber.   After Hamlet accuses her of lust, she does not make excuses for herself; she openly  admits her shortcoming.   What redeems Gertrude is her final act of loyalty to her son.   In the final act, when Claudius pours the poisoned wine, Gertrude claims thirst while reaching for the goblet.   Claudius warns her not to drink; nevertheless, she does, knowing it was poured for Hamlet, and as she dies, she tells  her son  that the drink is poison for him.   In her sacrifice of herself for her son, there is redemption for Gertrudes lust, immaturity, and fickleness.   She has now shown, not passivity, but strength and loyalty. The role of Ophelia is presented as a gentle, loyal, obedient, and young woman who is meant to be the love of Hamlets life, even though he rarely thinks of her or considers her in his plans. Most of the time Hamlet just appears to be cruel to her, as if he is just using her as a pawn, as is so when Ophelia tells her father that Hamlet appears to her to be looking and acting like a crazy man. It seems very likely he is just using Ophelia as part of his plot to get the word out that he is insane. Ophelia is an example of a perfect daughter who obeys her father without argument. Even when she is asked to reject Hamlet whom she believes is the love of her life, she responds subserviently that she will obey, and meets with Hamlet to deceive him. Polonius also uses his daughter for his own reasons, which in this case, is to spy on Hamlet. This actually becomes a turning point in the play. Hamlet reveals his complicated feelings for Ophelia as well as the depth by which he is hurt and betrayed by her. As Ophelia tries to return his gifts his feelings become evident. Hamlet becomes defensive refusing to accept the return, and responds with, I never gave you aught. He then continues to express his anger and disgust with women and humanity as he tells her, Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? This hurts Ophelia mentally as well as physically since he has thrown her around a bit and she expresses this with her own thoughts. Oh, what a noble mind is here oerthrown. The courtiers, soldiers, scholars, eye, tongue, sword; The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mold of form, The observed of all observers, quite, quite down! And I, of ladies most deject and wretched, That sucked the honey of his music vows, Now see that noble and most sovereign reason, Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh; That unmatchd form and feature of blown youth Blasted with ecstasy: O, woe is me, To have seen what I have seen, see what I see! Basically, Ophelia is saying, Wow, he seemed like such a wonderful guy; before his words to me were so sweet and I let myself fall for him, and now hes gone totally gone around the bend.   Ophelias perfection also becomes her downfall, unfortunately she has no voice nor does she seem to have any obvious heroine qualities; and one thing of interest that comes to mind is her lack of desire to defend herself. Even with all this being said, Ophelias life and death have a profound influence on some of the most important characters in the play, including Hamlet. Her own madness has importance in the play. It gives Ophelia the freedom to do and say what she could not before. She passes out flowers to the court and gives columbine and fennel to Claudius, this is a jab at the king since these flowers were representative of ingratitude and infidelity at the time. This is where she loses her innocence, and this loss of innocence finishes with her eventual suicide. At the time, suicide was a sin against God and people that committed suicide were not allowed a proper funeral. Ophelias innocence is somewhat preserved by allowing her a funeral even though her death was at her own hand. Looking closely, Ophelias role appears to be a precursor for Shakespeare to foreshadow future events. In her opening scene, her brother and father warn her to stop seeing Hamlet. This warning could be said to foretell her future conflict with Hamlet. At the beginning of Act II, when Ophelia rejects Hamlets advances he goes off-the-wall, there are two ways to interpret the scene, one possibility being that after Hamlet warns Horatio and Marcellus that he will put an antic disposition on he acts crazy when meeting with Ophelia to get the word out there that he is mad. Another possibility is that Hamlet was genuinely distraught by Ophelias recent rejection. Anyway you look at it these scenes with Ophelia seem to foreshadow things to come. We begin to realize also that Ophelia is not as passive of a character as originally thought. She is obviously a tool for Shakespeare, but also for Hamlet and Polonius, as the plot thickens around her. After Ophelias death Hamlet is reminded of his deep feelings for her, which had been hidden due to his obsession with vengeance and his lack of trust in women. Ophelias death also deepens Laertes need for vengeance. He already has much reason to kill Hamlet, since Hamlet had murdered his father and driven his sister mad, but Opherlias suicide is that last little push over the edge; that drives and justifies Laertes revenge. As it turns out Ophelia is the common factor that brings together Hamlet and Laertes. She is the reason for their irrational actions, and in a twist of fate, the being that brings them great emotional turmoil. None of this has she done intentionally, yet she becomes her own play within a play. Our focus on Hamlet and his sufferings are set aside, as Ophelias story shocks us when she suddenly breaks, is driven mad, and then commits suicide. To one that simply reads the play and thinks nothing more about it, these women may seem trivial. However, those taking the time to think about Gertrude and Ophelia are rewarded with the knowledge that each of these characters is woven into a role that affects and motivates a main character. They are the characters that passive, as they may seem, actually spur the men in the play to further advance the plays central action. Clearly the roles Gertrude and Ophelia take on are a contribution to the terrible events that occur in Hamlet, making for a perfect dramatic tragedy. Work CitedShakespeare, William. Hamlet, Literature and Its Writers: A Compact Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007 1252-1354.

Charles Dickens Bio :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was a nineteenth century English writer who wrote such classics as: A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale Of Two Cities, Great Expectations, and many others. He was born into a middle class family, but when he came home from boarding school at the age of ten he found his family living in poverty. He was unable to return to school in order to help out at home. When he was twelve, his father was sent to prison for his debts. While the rest of the family lived in Marshalsea prison Charles was forced to work long hours in order to support himself. This left a powerful lifelong wound, social humiliation, and defeat. This was an extremely formative experience in young Charles's life. Charles' father, John, was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. John Married Elizabeth Barrows in 1809. Elizabeth Barrows' father Charles Barrows was the chief Conductor in the Navy Pay Office. Charles Dickens grandfather was also employed by the Navy Pay Office and was accused of embezzling  £6,000 and fled England. His father John was the basis for the character Mr. Micawber while his mother Elizabeth was the basis of Mrs. Nickleby. His first novel, the Pickwick Papers, was written as a serial from 1936-1937. Early in his career he taught people to expect the unexpected for he may have had them laughing in the Pickwick Papers but he soon showed a more serious side in Oliver Twist. He was labeled a social reformer because of the attack the Poor Law received as a result of his novel Oliver Twist. Charles took pride in his role of social reformer. Towards the end, Charles was not a happy man despite his literary success. His marriage had not been a love match, and in the end they lived separate lives. Restless, he released his non-literary energies in travel - to the US, Switzerland, and Italy.

Palm Island in Dubai

The Palm Islands are artificial islands in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on which major commercial and residential infrastructure will be constructed. They are being constructed by Nakheel Properties, a property developer in the United Arab Emirates, who hired Belgian and Dutch dredging and marine contractor Jan De Nul and Van Oord, some of the world's specialists in land reclamation. The islands are the Palm Jumeirah, the Palm Jebel Ali and the Palm Deira. Each settlement will be in the shape of a palm tree, topped with a crescent, and will have a large number of residential, leisure and entertainment centers. The Palm Islands are located off the coast of The United Arab Emirates in the Persian Gulf and will add 520 kilometres of beaches to the city of Dubai. The first two islands will comprise approximately 100 million cubic meters of rock and sand. Palm Deira will be composed of approximately 1 billion cubic meters of rock and sand. All materials will be quarried in the UAE. Among the three islands there will be over 100 luxury hotels, exclusive residential beach side villas and apartments, marinas, water theme parks, restaurants, shopping malls, sports facilities and health spas. The creation of the Palm Jumeirah began in June 2001. Shortly after, the Palm Jebel Ali was announced and reclamation work began. The Palm Deira, which is planned to have a surface area of 46. 35 square kilometres, was announced for development in October 2004. Construction was originally planned to take 10–15 years, but that was before the impact of the global credit crunch hit Dubai. The Palm Islands are artificial peninsulas constructed of sand dredged from the bottom of the Persian Gulf by the Belgian company Jan De Nul and the Dutch company Van Oord. The sand is sprayed by the dredging ships, which are guided by DGPS, onto the required area in a process known as rainbowing because of the arcs in the air when the sand is sprayed. The outer edge of each Palm's encircling crescent is a large rock breakwater. The breakwater of the Palm Jumeirah has over seven million tons of rock. Each rock was placed individually by a crane, signed off by a diver and given a GPS coordinate. The Jan De Nul Group started working on the Palm Jebel Ali in 2002 and had finished by the end of 2006. The reclamation project for the Palm Jebel Ali includes the creation of a four-kilometre-long peninsula, protected by a 200-metre-wide, seventeen-kilometre long circular breakwater. 210,000,000 m3 of rock, sand and limestone were reclaimed (partly originating from the Jebel Ali Entrance Channel dredging works). There are approximately 10,000,000 cubic metres of rocks in the slope protection works. The first thing comes to my mind about all the wonders of the world is the amazing ability of the engineers and architects involved in their constructions to come out with something which finally turns to wonder of the world. I also think that they might be built to let people from all around the world know about the country or state where they are situated. Let us take Dubai as an example. This UAE state became so significant when we talk about superb modern construction since the launching of it's famous Burj Al-Arab, a luxurious 7-star rated hotel. Then the name of Dubai continuously becoming well-known with numbers of modern constructions especially the unbeaten world's tallest building,the 162-stories Burj Khalifa with 828-meter height which is almost twice the height of our Petronas Twin Tower, and also the unbelievable Palm Ireland. The Palm Ireland project was firstly thought as something impossible by some groups of people but the credibilities of the project planners are now proven with its accomplishment. The amazing ideas of constructing these crazy stuffs had drastically brought Dubai to world's attention and this is a big bonus to it's tourism sector. Hence, wonders of the modern world can be said as the tourist attraction to the country or state where they are situated. However, sometimes I do feel that it's such a tragic obsession when Islamic countries and states like Malaysia and the famous Dubai are spending too much money on these constructions while Muslims in many regions of the world are suffering from the violence of the Jews. So, I think it should be a limit for these crazy projects and let us start focusing the nation's wealth to show our concern to Palestinians and all discriminated Muslims from various countries.

Critical Reading Essays

Critical Reading Essays Critical Reading Essay Critical Reading Essay I. Introduction The original proprietor had highlighted the full book? literally. Every line on every page had been drawn through with a bright green Magic Marker. It was a terrific illustration of a head that had lost all power of favoritism. -Florence King Being a pupil requires reading? and a batch of it. Some love it. some hatred it. However. we can’t get away it. Reading is portion of a student’s life. and the length of clip spent on it defines the sort of pupil one is. It is a challenge to even get down traveling through the first page. all the more to complete it until the terminal. And yet. to understand is wholly a different narrative. Reading has been described as a gateway to research new universes. a key to unlock the hoarded wealth of infinite cognition. or an escape door from world. The manner you describe it reflects your value for it. It needs to exceed the sense of sight in order to perforate the encephalon. Wordss read with the eyes do non intend the same as to words read with the head. And as a pupil steps higher in the ladder of instruction. reading comprehension matures with the addition in the degree of critical thought. Students are exposed to different reading stuffs. At present. the cyberspace has become the most popular beginning of information due to its handiness and easiness of usage. With merely a individual chink. one is exposed to a broad array of information. Scholarly diaries are considered to be the most dependable beginning of research-based information because articles are editor and peer-reviewed by faculty members in their field ( Trembay Jr. . 5 ) . This is rarely used. nevertheless. really utile. Books. on the other manus. are the reading stuff that pupils are most open to. Since every class or capable they enrol in has a mention text edition. it is non a surprise that after acquiring a college sheepskin. he/she has already come across at least 100 text editions. This paper focuses on how a pupil could be a critical reader when analyzing textbooks. It recognizes the procedure pupils go through in line with their reading assignment? get downing to read. reading the text edition per Se. and measuring the information delivered in order to interpret the information read into meaningful spots of cognition for the pupil. II. Strategies/ Skills A. Fixing to Study. Before even get downing to get down a reading assignment. a pupil should be ready or at least be cognizant of how he/she would efficaciously absorb what he/she would be reading. There are a figure of thoughts and tips to acquire the ball turn overing on analyzing. Some might wish to analyze entirely in a quiet topographic point ; some do it while listening to music ; while others study in forepart of the telecasting. Although people have different ways of analyzing. it is of import that they become perceptive to assorted techniques that are available for them to perchance better their academic public presentation. Knowing more about how you learn will assist you understand more from your text edition reading ( Rasool. 33 ) . For what is effectual for one might non be for another. it is of import to detect for yourself your ain expression for larning. First of wholly. we need to excite ourselves for the information rush in a mode that sufficient clip has been allocated for analyzing and a contributing survey topographic point is achieved for all academic-related activities. For everything that you read. be certain to hold a intent on it? whether it is merely to hold a hint on what the pages are approximately. to memorise in readying for a quiz. to knock the points given in a text. or others. Definition of the intent would assist in your choice to where you should concentrate your attending and to those that you could acquire through without. For pupils. this is a really noteworthy advice. Often. reading assignments cover one chapter of a book or a more than 3-paged short narrative. In connexion with that. here’s a surprise lesson in reading: Don’t ever read everything? skim. scan. glimpse and skip ( Johnson. 447 ) . Yes. this is true. Believe it. Now before instructors and professors begin to raise their supercilium and before pupils get uncontrollably joyful. there is some advice of cautiousness that follows. The four techniques mentioned doubtless reduces the length of clip you spend on reading. but you’ve got to cognize when to utilize it and when non to. Planing involves turn uping the chief thought of a text. Once located. this chief thought would give you an overview for the back uping statements that you would hold to read afterwards. Remember that planing is used merely when your intent for reading allows you to read for general constructs instead than specific information ( McWhorter. 453 ) . If you already know the text that you are about to read. so use scanning. Aside from traveling straight to what you need. other words that pass through your scanning fingertips would somehow brassy to your encephalon. Therefore. you are exposed to the other information of the text. Glancing may be used to observe organisational form of a text as you fundamentally go over the text in no peculiar order. Last. you could jump some parts of a text because either you feel that it is non excessively relevant or you already know the inside informations of what is being discussed. There are two things that we need to possess to acquire things traveling: motive and self-denial. Motivation gives you the thrust to prosecute what is needed to be done. It eliminates negative ideas that hinder the fulfillment of your ends. Self-discipline. on the other manus. is the commanding factor to your pursued nonsubjective. If motive gives you the head start. self-denial helps you continue what you have started. Remember. these two do non vouch success in accomplishing high classs. but it is decidedly one measure closer to that end in head. B. System for reading textbooks A reading-study system is a bit-by-bit method for placing. reading. analyzing. retaining. and remembering the most of import information in a text edition chapter ( Johnson. 450 ) . There are many reading-study systems and among those identified in the book Stiring up Thinking are the undermentioned: SQ3RSurvey? Question? Read? Recite? Review SQ4RSurvey? Question? Read? Recite? Rite ? Review POINTPurpose? Overview? Interpret? Note? Test OK4ROverview? Key Ideas? Read? Recite? Review? Reflect OK5ROverview? Key Ideas? Read? Record? Recite? Review? Reflect PQRSTPreview? Question? Read? Summarize? Test RSVPReview? Study? Verbalize? Preview OARWETOverview? Ask? Read? Write? Evaluate? Test PANORAMAPurpose? Adaptability? Need to oppugn? Overview? Read? Annotate? Memorize? Assess There is really nil theoretically better than the remainder of the systems. It truly depends on the individual reading which survey system would work good in her personality and behaviour. These aid you understand and pay more attending to of import inside informations. C. Assessing what you read After reading a text edition. dispute the information that you’ve learned and measure the text more carefully. This activity would divide the critical readers from those who are merely reading for the interest of fulfilling demands. As readers already in higher instruction. it is expected that we dig deeper than groking the words that appear before our eyes. Higher degree of believing suggests that we should non accept everything as it is. Remember. non everything that we see in print is true or is acceptable. Skills should be developed in order to provide to this sort of mental activity. Acknowledging fact from sentiment Author of text editions do non ever show the facts blunt. The author besides injects his ain ideas or sentiments about the topic which he could utilize as support for a point that he/she wants to turn out. Acknowledging that the statement is an sentiment gives you the thought that you may or may non hold with what is written before you. Bear in head though that sentiments reflect the individual’s personal responses to people. events. and thoughts. so you can non turn out them true or false. accurate or inaccurate. right or incorrect ( Flemming. 203 ) . Bing an sentiment. be cognizant that you need to measure the text in order to hold with the sentiment of the writer or disagree and explicate your ain. Opinions are statements that express feelings. attitudes or beliefs and are neither true nor false ( McWhorter. 392 ) . To turn up sentiment in a text. be guided by the undermentioned words that suggest that what is written is simply an sentiment and non a fact: seems. appears. presumptively. likely. arguably. in my position. this suggests. and others. Facts. on the other manus. are statements that can be verified? that is. proven to be true or false ( McWhorter. 392 ) . Once they are verified by background or old cognition and if they are presented with a dependable beginning. so it could be regarded as true. Otherwise. there is once more a demand to verify what you’ve read through other agencies like farther reading about the topic or inquiring your professors or people who have more cognition about the subject. Understanding Tone and Aim The tone contributes to the impact that the text would do to the reader. Similar to unwritten address wherein you are really much aware of the speaker’s tone. text editions besides mirror tone that would appeal best to the author’s audience. intent. or capable affair. Acknowledging the manner that the author presents statements in a book helps you to be more nonsubjective. For illustration. the text discusses drug dependence. If the writer writes something like – Drug dependence has been a major job in any given topographic point and it is but right that constabulary functionaries start to beef up their run on illegal drugs to protect the community against offenses. Illegal drugs should be solved every bit shortly as possible – and you realize that the author uses an important tone. it will be of aid to you as a reader to cognize what the general feeling of the author is. In the terminal. you would be able to experience the sentiments of the author and at the same clip you could measure the text more for your ain apprehension. The intent of the writer reflects his/her purpose for composing. There are many different grounds why writers write? to knock. describe. explain. turn out. celebrate. expose. and so on? most of those grounds or intents fall under two general headers: composing meant to inform or explicate. and composing meant to carry or convert ( Flemming. 237 ) . The intent of the writer for authorship is evidenced by the tone elicited by the text. Designation of the intent of the author is of import because this would steer you in seting how critical you have to be. For illustration. an writer who writes to depict implies less critical thought than an writer who writes to carry. It is of import to cognize the degree of critical thought to be applied because this is your footing into by how far you have to look into the text as it is presented by the writer. Acknowledging and measuring prejudice Readers are human. and therefore capable to assorted biass? to state nil of credulousness. ignorance and emotionality ( Kurland. 163 ) . Bias does non needfully hold to be bad. In fact. this serves as usher for the reader to indicate out which parts of the text are debatable or which needs to be farther evaluated. Biass provide the reader a point of bound as to how far the writer has gone with such prejudice. whether or non the prejudice is still justifiable or when it has already affected the writer’s position in every bit far as it becomes a hinderance for the author to give accurate appraisal over something. Textbooks are chiefly enlightening. and authors in this type of book by and large maintain their prejudices among themselves. Biass don’t appear every bit apparent as it would be as in to that of persuasive text. but somehow writers write in away that reflect their prejudice. For case. an writer who does non like the president could depict the president in a manner that the writer would name many inside informations sing the jobs that the disposal faced during the president’s clip. and would restrict the information about the successful undertakings that were implemented. In here. the reader should be alert so as non merely to sit along and merely absorb the given information of the writer. Using your background cognition To cognize which information you should farther brood into. look into if the statements provided in the text edition coincide with your old or background cognition. Background cognition is the footing for the decisions that you will do after reading the text. The impression of anterior cognition encompasses factual cognition because anterior cognition includes understanding based on experiences every bit good as premises about society and cultural values ( Kurland. 37 ) . Therefore. any statement that clashes with what you antecedently know is worth the clip to chew over upon. It could be that what you antecedently cognize might be incorrect or the statement given in the book is false. This sort of comparing would assist you go more open-minded and more effectual in doing determinations that are connected with the information that you learn. III. Application/Case survey ( mention to Appendix for the complete instance ) After being motivated for your reading assignment. holding a system for larning and being cognizant of the accomplishments necessary in understanding a text. let’s take a expression at the instance of this school miss. Yamillet who does non execute good in one of her reading topics. Yamillet is a pupil who is non interested in reading. Her reading comprehension demands betterment because she finds it difficult to retrieve the chief thoughts and inside informations of a text that she has read. She besides has problem with respects to understanding texts read independently. However. when texts are read aloud. her comprehension improves. The first thing that I would urge to Yamillet is sing her attitude on reading. She needs to be able to be motivated on reading. I know that it is non easy to get down wishing reading. but holding a positive attitude on it will certainly assist. For a start. she should be asked to read texts that are of her involvement. Harmonizing to her. she invariably reads the athleticss subdivision of the newspaper and action and chilling books appeal to her. The usage of reading stuffs of this sort to assist her in her reading comprehension would be really utile. Using these stuffs. she could hold exercisings on placing the chief thoughts and the inside informations of a given text. Reading of the stuffs that involvement her should shortly be followed by incorporating other reading stuffs that she is non excessively fond of. Reading assignments are non ever about subjects that involvement you. so Yamillet has to develop a positive attitude on reading. There would be more reading that she would encounter as she gets into the following degree of her instruction. Since Yamillet finds it difficult to grok texts read mutely. she could develop a survey system that would work for her. There are many reading-study systems already formulated. and she merely needs to happen the right method for her to better in independent reading assignments. The reading-study system that I would urge to her is OK4R ( Overview? Key Ideas? Read? Recite? Review? Reflect ) . I believe that this system would work for her because first of all. she needs to develop her acknowledgment of the chief thoughts and back uping inside informations. She would make this in the overview and cardinal thoughts portion of the OK4R. Next. of class is the existent reading itself. And since she finds it difficult to grok during independent readings. she has to declaim what she has learned. Subsequently. she has to reexamine back what she has read and compare it to what she had recited. Finally. Yamillet demands to reflect on the lessons and information that she has gained and associate it to her life or to events that she is familiar of to retain the information she got.

Free Essays on Mary Tudor

Mary Tudor was born in 1516. She was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Mary was a pretty, intelligent child, who was highly educated in languages, science, music, philosophy, and theology. She was also taught the skills that noble women of the time were expected to have, including dancing and fine needlework. As Princess of Wales, she had her own court at Ludlow Castle, where the Countess of Salisbury essentially brought her up, the mother of Cardinal Pole. After several miscarriages, three stillborn children, and two who died in early infancy, Catherine of Aragon went through menopause, and King Henry knew for certain that she would never provide him with the male heir he so desperately needed. Eighteen years of marriage and so many pregnancies had cost Catherine her figure and her looks. Henry had become infatuated with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn, and wanted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled so that he could marry Anne, who he hoped would give him more children, especially sons. Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII to have his marriage to Catherine annulled on the grounds that it violated the biblical order against a man’s marrying his brother’s widow. The punishment specified in Leviticus for violating that law was that the marriage would be childless. Henry convinced himself that Catherine’s inability to give him sons, or any children at all other than their somewhat sickly daughter Mary, was a fulfillment of Leviticus. Clement delayed his ruling on Henry’s petition, because he was the prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was Catherine’s nephew. After nearly seven frustrating years, Henry achieved his objective by breaking altogether with Rome and declaring himself the â€Å"only supreme head† (www.newadvent.org/cathen/09766a.htm) of the Church of England, a claim later enacted into law by Parliamen... Free Essays on Mary Tudor Free Essays on Mary Tudor Mary Tudor was born in 1516. She was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Mary was a pretty, intelligent child, who was highly educated in languages, science, music, philosophy, and theology. She was also taught the skills that noble women of the time were expected to have, including dancing and fine needlework. As Princess of Wales, she had her own court at Ludlow Castle, where the Countess of Salisbury essentially brought her up, the mother of Cardinal Pole. After several miscarriages, three stillborn children, and two who died in early infancy, Catherine of Aragon went through menopause, and King Henry knew for certain that she would never provide him with the male heir he so desperately needed. Eighteen years of marriage and so many pregnancies had cost Catherine her figure and her looks. Henry had become infatuated with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn, and wanted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled so that he could marry Anne, who he hoped would give him more children, especially sons. Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII to have his marriage to Catherine annulled on the grounds that it violated the biblical order against a man’s marrying his brother’s widow. The punishment specified in Leviticus for violating that law was that the marriage would be childless. Henry convinced himself that Catherine’s inability to give him sons, or any children at all other than their somewhat sickly daughter Mary, was a fulfillment of Leviticus. Clement delayed his ruling on Henry’s petition, because he was the prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who was Catherine’s nephew. After nearly seven frustrating years, Henry achieved his objective by breaking altogether with Rome and declaring himself the â€Å"only supreme head† (www.newadvent.org/cathen/09766a.htm) of the Church of England, a claim later enacted into law by Parliamen...

Aristotle Life essays

Aristotle Life essays Aristotle was born in Stagria, a Greek community in Thrace, in 384 B.C. Most of what we know is from a compilation by Diogenes Lertius. He learned dissection and anatomy from his father, Nichomachus. At the age of 17, his personal guard Proxenus sent him to Athens. Aristotle paid close attention to his clothes and accent, as to make himself appear as of a higher class. He then studied at Platos Academy at the age of 18. He earned the reputation of being the most brilliant student quickly. Plato once said that his Academy consisted of the body of his students and the brain of Aristotle. Plato died when Aristotle was 37. Aristotle expected to become the next master of the Academy. However, The Trustees chose a native Athenian, since Aristotle was not born in Athens. Aristotle became an advisor to a former classmate who became a philosopher-king in Asia Minor. Aristotle had little affect and did not influence his former classmate. Nonetheless, Aristotle then married the adopted daughter, Pythias, of the King, Hermeias. Hermeias offended the King of Persia and was then crucified. Aristotle was forced to leave with his wife. They fled to the island of Lesbos where he studied Natural History. While on the island his wife died giving birth to their daughter. Later he had a son with Herpyllis, a lady that he lived with. In 343 B.C. King Phillip of Macedonia invited Aristotle to train his son Alexander. Alexander became one of historys greatest generals, who became known as Alexander the Great. On his conquests he ordered his troops to bring back specimens for his old teacher. King Phillip later sent Aristotle back to Stagria, Greece in 340 B.C. While in Stagria, Aristotle wrote a code of laws to help restore the community, which was ruined by war. In 334 B.C. Aristotle returned to Athens, where founded his own Platonic school there, and later at Lyceum. Alexander possibly funded these schools, whe...

Literature review- (1000 words) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature review- (1000 words) - Essay Example Recent research has focused on both bullies and victims in a number of terms but this literature review will focus on research in relation to gender and age, and the accountings for victims and bullies. There have been a number of definitions provided for bullying, and as Attwood 2004, claimed â€Å"one person’s example of bullying can be another person’s idea of entertainment.† (para.1) Olweus claimed there were two sorts of bullying – direct, wherein the victim is subjected to physical abuse, and indirect, wherein the victim suffers psychological or emotional mistreatment. (as cited in Green, 2007, para.1) Gray defined bullying as repeated damaging actions that were perhaps linked with negative intent. (as cited in Attwood, 2004, What is bullying section, para.1) Seals and Young, (2003) in their study into the occurrence and relationship of bullying to gender, age, ethnicity, self esteem and depression, experienced by seventh and eighth grade students in the northern delta region of the US, showed that there were considerably more male than female bullies, with â€Å"twice as many males identified as females identified as bullies.† (Discussion section, para.2) Delfabbro, Winefield, Tramer, Dollard, Anderson, Metzer and Hammarstrom (2006) also found, in their study into bullying by peers and teachers in secondary schools in South Australia, that boys are â€Å"more likely to be the perpetrators of bullying.† (p.72) Boys have also been found to be more violent and cause injury, therefore bullying by more overt physical means. Girls, on the other hand, tend to be more covert and devious, utilizing such means as spiteful rumour mongering and telling tales or gossiping. Delfabbro et al (2006) stated that â€Å"girls are significant ly more likely to use †¦ non-physical aggression.† (p.72) Victims of bullying are often bullied by others of the same gender; that is to say, boys are bullied by boys and girls are bullied

HEALTH CARE POLICY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HEALTH CARE POLICY - Research Paper Example It was amended by the Health Care Education Reconciliation Act of 2001 that became a law on 30th of March, 2010. The bill was propositioned by the President Obama during the US presidential elections in 2008. He stressed upon the need of making some major reforms into the American healthcare system so that every citizen could get due healthcare facilities (Trumbull, 2010). The House of Representative and Senate of United States passed the health care reform bill in 2010. The core purpose of the bill is to provide policy lines to the private healthcare companies and to find out the ways through which it would be possible to provide all the residents of America with quality healthcare services in exchange for affordable expenses (Grier, 2010). The passage of this law has been widely regarded as an importance victory of Obama government that is expected to make healthcare facilities affordable for all the Americans as it expands the health coverage (http://whitehouse.gov). The essay aims to concisely describe the history of healthcare policy making in United Stated by identifying major bills and acts implemented so far and discuss in detail the Healthcare reform bill 2010 to explain the major issues and areas associated with the bill. The early steps in the area of healthcare reforms include the passage of Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane in 1854 at federal level. The bill established asylum for the indigent insane and for the disable people like blinds, deaf and dumb with the help of the federal land grants given to the states. Dorothea Dix, a social activist proposed this bill that was passed by both the Houses of Congress but the President Franklin Pierce vetoed the bill and argues that state is responsible for social welfare and not the federal government has the responsibility to provide fund for this

The Great Plains region in the early nineteenth century has been Assignment - 1

The Great Plains region in the early nineteenth century has been described as a world in flux. To what extent do the sources justify this description - Assignment Example The nineteenth century situation in the Great Plains is an ideal example of a world in flux. Through extensive use of primary sources, Calloway portrays the situation in this area as a crisis per se where the society was unable to determine what should be done at any given time. He further portrays an area characterized by feuds involving the settlers, Indians and the explorers. The situation in the Great Plains at around this time was marked with fights for territorial expansion among the various native tribes, Western powers expansion in the region and compulsory assimilation. It also witnessed one of the greatest destruction of the fauna of any region in history in the name of the slaughter of the bison. Droughts in the area had left the native Indians with few livestock but the outbreak of deadly livestock diseases at the beginning of the 19th Century nearly wiped out the entire Indian herds (Calloway 1996, p. 17). Before the great influx of people in the area, many animals in thrived there. The Native Americans barely relied on the land with large tracks remaining underutilized. There was little pressure on the land and the natural resources were not in the danger of depletion. The physical characteristics of the area were in fact responsible for attracting many early settlers of the area. It is the influx of these settlers that are primarily responsible for the cultural, political social- economic and environmental changes that took place in the plains. It is during this time the area witnessed the largest number of settles who and established different Forts. Such forts included Fort Lisa which was established in 1809 in North Dakota and Fort Lisa which was established in1812 in Nebraska. Posts were also introduced and were pioneered by the 1822 establishment of Fontenelles Post and the Cabannes Trading Post in 1822 both in Nebraska. The establishment of forts was closely followed with attempts to develop the

Marketing Research assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 5 - Assignment Example se logarithms to envision ROI (return on investment .Mathematical difference refers to the percentage acquired after computing the difference between your merchandise cost and the selling price. The larger the difference for instance 70%, the less profit gained because of competition from other companies. Basically, managerially important difference refers to variation in preferences used by company management concerning price and output decisions, choice and techniques of production, demand estimation, investment decision, and long run production decision (Vikram 8). These differences in management may or may not lead to adjustment in changes and invention of new ideas. Organizations that recruit managers with different qualities and capabilities based on different approache to situational factors are at high chances of profiting because of the divergent ideas. On the other hand, statistical significance is a test that determines if marketing research reports are significant or incidental. They include chi-square tests, t-tests, and z-tests which studies relationship between two categorical variables. The level of significance used is 0.10 or 0.05. A result with level of significance of 0.1(90%) indicates statistical significance. To determine if its incidental you check the sample size and determine the margin of error; P (Z=

Impacts of The European Economic Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impacts of The European Economic Crisis - Essay Example Additionally, the EU recession caused an increase in the cost of doing business, since firms do not have access to credit from financial institutions. Because of this, firms will have to cut cost of investments such as research on investments. This will have a long term effect on firms and the countries involved because there is a loss in research which would have led to inventions of new technologies. Political crises have also been reported in countries affected by financial crisis, for example Greece. There have been cases of demonstrations, rioting and other social effects on the population. This is mainly attributed to the high rate of unemployed persons, high inflation and high prices of goods. This can be a long term effect because if the case of EU financial crisis is not dealt with, political and social instability will continue (Aghion & Howitt, 2006). The rate of depression among the residents of EU is also increasing because of the high rate of unemployment. This is becau se the population has lost hope for future income based on the crisis which hit their countries. This is mainly attached to the results of the crisis such as the increase in the number of poor people. This would be a long term effect because it is a continuous trend. Furthermore, other long term consequences are impacts on the populations’ health due to loss of jobs and lack of insurance cover. Research done by the Red Cross in some EU countries has shown that the EU crisis has made the governments too weak to provide important services to its citizens. This is because there is a high growth in the number of citizens demanding social services from the government. The gap between the poor and the rich is also increasing because more people...This essay is one of the best examples of comprehensive analysis of the impacts of the economic crisis on the economies of the EU countries. The EU crisis increased the rate of unemployment in most European countries. High number of workers outside the job lose their job skills because they are not practicing. The EU recession caused an increase in the cost of doing business, since firms do not have access to credit from financial institutions. Firms had to cut cost of investments such as research on investments. There is a loss in research which would have led to inventions of new technologies. Political crises have also been reported in countries affected by financial crisis, for example Greece. There have been cases of demonstrations, rioting and other social effects on the population. This is mainly attributed to the high rate of unemployed persons, high inflation and high prices of goods. This can be a long term effect because if the case of EU financial crisis is not dealt with, political and social instability will continue To solve the case of unemployment which has contributed to political instability, the EU should consider unemployment insurance. Unemployment insurance has been implemented in the United States and has done well. This act can be implemented in such a way that those who had been employed before losing their jobs qualify for unemployment insurance. The study also mentioned the loss of hope by firms and cuts on their investments due to loss of credit from financial institutions.

Human Error by James Reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Error by James Reason - Essay Example Referencing around eighty books, 'Human Error' today is cited itself by more than a hundred works by authors like A. Hale, John R. Wilson and E. J. Lovesay etc. The book draws a schism of three parts where the first portion comprising of the first two chapters inoculate the fundamental ideas, research traditions and brings an account of background studies pertaining to errors. The middle part from chapter three to five elucidates the error mechanisms and the common reasons behind a wide range of errors. The final section comprising of the remaining chapters throws light on the result of errors that range from their detection, unintentional contributions to them and the curative steps towards them. As clear from the title, the first chapter of the book elucidates the nature of errors, draws a classification of various types of errors and the strategies that lead to their detection. According to Reason the two major types of errors are similarity-matching and frequency-bias. The second chapter of the book traces back the significant studies done in the area human error which Reason classifies into natural science approach and the engineering approach based on the practice of their research. These are the studies that form the foundation of Reason's Human Error. I Performance Levels and Error Types: In the third chapter, the author introduces a Generic error modelling system that facilitates the identification of three types of error types namely; skill based slips and lapses, rule based mistakes and knowledge based mistakes. The model is rather a combination of ideas on cognitive theories from Rasmussen, Rouse, Anderson, and the Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett, and Thagard. Cognitive Underspecification and Error Forms: "When cognitive operations are underspecified, they tend to default to contextually appropriate, high-frequency responses." 2 The fourth chapter harps around the topic of cognitive under-specification. The author also explains the two factors (Similarity and Frequency) on the basis of which the errors are classified. A Design for a Fallible Machine: The fifth chapter of the book proposes the concept of fallible machine - an information machine that would work precisely for most of the time but would also produce errors at times. The purpose behind such a machine was to create an experimental model that would resemble the behaviours of humans and their tendency towards making the errors. The Detection of Errors: This chapter pertains to the concepts of error detection and their correction. While talking about correction, the author explains two types of error correction mechanisms, namely the low level correction mechanism and the high level correction mechanism of which the former is proposed to work better than the latter. Latent Errors and Systems Disasters: In this chapter the author draws a schism in the types of errors in terms of the accidental contribution to their occurence. Here the two types of errors are Active Errors and Latent

Marketing Research assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 5 - Assignment Example se logarithms to envision ROI (return on investment .Mathematical difference refers to the percentage acquired after computing the difference between your merchandise cost and the selling price. The larger the difference for instance 70%, the less profit gained because of competition from other companies. Basically, managerially important difference refers to variation in preferences used by company management concerning price and output decisions, choice and techniques of production, demand estimation, investment decision, and long run production decision (Vikram 8). These differences in management may or may not lead to adjustment in changes and invention of new ideas. Organizations that recruit managers with different qualities and capabilities based on different approache to situational factors are at high chances of profiting because of the divergent ideas. On the other hand, statistical significance is a test that determines if marketing research reports are significant or incidental. They include chi-square tests, t-tests, and z-tests which studies relationship between two categorical variables. The level of significance used is 0.10 or 0.05. A result with level of significance of 0.1(90%) indicates statistical significance. To determine if its incidental you check the sample size and determine the margin of error; P (Z=

Human Error by James Reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Error by James Reason - Essay Example Referencing around eighty books, 'Human Error' today is cited itself by more than a hundred works by authors like A. Hale, John R. Wilson and E. J. Lovesay etc. The book draws a schism of three parts where the first portion comprising of the first two chapters inoculate the fundamental ideas, research traditions and brings an account of background studies pertaining to errors. The middle part from chapter three to five elucidates the error mechanisms and the common reasons behind a wide range of errors. The final section comprising of the remaining chapters throws light on the result of errors that range from their detection, unintentional contributions to them and the curative steps towards them. As clear from the title, the first chapter of the book elucidates the nature of errors, draws a classification of various types of errors and the strategies that lead to their detection. According to Reason the two major types of errors are similarity-matching and frequency-bias. The second chapter of the book traces back the significant studies done in the area human error which Reason classifies into natural science approach and the engineering approach based on the practice of their research. These are the studies that form the foundation of Reason's Human Error. I Performance Levels and Error Types: In the third chapter, the author introduces a Generic error modelling system that facilitates the identification of three types of error types namely; skill based slips and lapses, rule based mistakes and knowledge based mistakes. The model is rather a combination of ideas on cognitive theories from Rasmussen, Rouse, Anderson, and the Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett, and Thagard. Cognitive Underspecification and Error Forms: "When cognitive operations are underspecified, they tend to default to contextually appropriate, high-frequency responses." 2 The fourth chapter harps around the topic of cognitive under-specification. The author also explains the two factors (Similarity and Frequency) on the basis of which the errors are classified. A Design for a Fallible Machine: The fifth chapter of the book proposes the concept of fallible machine - an information machine that would work precisely for most of the time but would also produce errors at times. The purpose behind such a machine was to create an experimental model that would resemble the behaviours of humans and their tendency towards making the errors. The Detection of Errors: This chapter pertains to the concepts of error detection and their correction. While talking about correction, the author explains two types of error correction mechanisms, namely the low level correction mechanism and the high level correction mechanism of which the former is proposed to work better than the latter. Latent Errors and Systems Disasters: In this chapter the author draws a schism in the types of errors in terms of the accidental contribution to their occurence. Here the two types of errors are Active Errors and Latent

Victory at a price Essay Example for Free

Victory at a price Essay I ran my small pale hand shaking in the bitter winter wind, gently down his left hind leg. It felt smooth and strong, there was no sign of the recent injury. I felt a great sense of relief. It was going to be alright. Luxembourg turned his head with a white blaze down it to his mouth, towards me and gently moved his big hooves out of my way. He seemed to sense that I was nervous and touchy. It was the night before the big race. I sighed deeply; I stood to lose everything, the stables, the horses and the staff. We had not made any money for such a long time. Our lives depended on winning the second race tomorrow at Kempton Park. I woke up to the early morning sun streaming through my upstairs bedroom window. I was eager and excited but I still had some concerns that in a couple of hours, when the race finishes, he would come back safe and sound but I would be over the moon if Luxembourg was to win. It was not to long before I drove the enormous horse box, fifty five miles up to Kempton Park Racecourse on the outskirts of London, where he would be having his first run on the Racecourse just approaching two years Monday week. I was just going through the gate which said Horseboxes in big, bold and black writing engraved on the white board next to the gate. I had to show the security pass to get through. Every part of my body was trembling and shivering with anxiety and hope that Luxembourg the cute and chocolate coloured would come back safely and we would get a big run out. I was hoping in a few hours time all my hard work with staff with this horse would pay off today with a place or a win. I was shivering, I was growing colder and colder with hope, but most of all anxiety, I had now got Goosebumps running up my arms and legs, everywhere. A cold anxiety filled hour of bitter coldness has just passed; I walked the horse out into the pre parade ring. I put the saddle on tightly so it would not move as he was running the race. He was number 9, it was my lucky number, I thought could this be my lucky day today. Luxembourg and I walked round the pre parade ring a couple of times before we went into the dreaded parade ring. The atmosphere was electrifying. There were a couple of 100 people watching us, only us in the pre parade because all the other entrants had already made their way to the parade ring. My heart was in my mouth. We walked through the plastic gates through to the parade ring. There were a couple of thousand people watching us because we were the last horse to go through. I could feel Luxembourg tensing up and scared, there were lots and lots of people watching him. We walked round and round the huge parade ring. I heard a voice faintly; he said number nine looks fit and healthy. I thought to myself that must be a good sign if other people think he is fit. The first bell rang deafeningly, it meant the jockeys were to come out and mount up onto the horse. Paddy came out jogging; he came over and talked to us. He said Go from the front, see how it goes. I went over to the horse with Paddy, I gave him a leg up, and we were the first mounted up. I walked out to the course holding the horse reigns as if I was walking a dog. I said Good Luck to Paddy and let the reigns go. Luxembourg was off, his glistening coat shining in the beaming bright sun. His picturesque face standing out with the long and lovely white blaze standing out on his chocolate coloured coat. He made his way down to the 2 mile start by Swinley Bottom. I went to my place high up in the gigantic stand in front of the massive course; I was surrounded by about three million people watching the race. I was shivering and trembling. Theyre off Luxembourg went off in the lead by about ten lengths clear of the rest of the horses. A mile gone Luxembourg still ahead but the rest of the field have just come back to him. As Luxembourg came past the winning post for the first time, I shouted as loud as I could COME ON PADDY. He was going the best out of the other eight who were being nudged along a touch. He jumped the next two down at Swinley Bottom as if he was jumping for fun. It was all going well I thought to myself. The next fence came; the field of nine were bunched together. Luxembourg was still first. He jumped the next extremely well. The second horse fell and brought down the third and fourth. The ninth horse refused the fence. There was six left. Luxembourg was left three lengths clears of number 2 who was 8 lengths ahead of the remainder who were weakening rapidly. Paddy decided to kick on, He began to get tired, he came to the last fence of sixteen. He was extremely tired, he clattered the fence. The second was closing in on him on the run in. Luxembourg was idling in front. He went one way and then the other. Paddy gave him a few slaps down the neck. One hundred metres left, one furlong until the end. The second horse came closer, closer, and closer. The race went to the judge. A few minutes wait, I was trembling, shivering and Goosebumps went everywhere. The judge spoke first number 9 Luxembourg, Second Number 2 Kauto Star. I went down to pick him up, I whispered to Paddy Well Done. He was delighted. I walked him into the winners enclosure. I felt that Luxembourg was not walking as fit as usual. He was limping; we thought something must be wrong with him. He just about got into the winners enclosure. I asked the vet to look at him. The vet said he had to be put down, he could not live another hour. He was put down. I fell to the ground in complete shock. I was in tears. A puddle building up on my face. I was sweating, shivering but most of all distraught. My staff, family and I were distressed and depressed. He was the best horse I ever had for the thirteen years we have been running the stable. I thought to myself, no one can ever replace Luxembourg, he was a superior, excellent and energetic horse that will never be forgotten and always have a place in our hearts. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Social Inclusion Via Social Skills Training Nursing Essay

Social Inclusion Via Social Skills Training Nursing Essay My patient was 59 year old lady suffering from schizophrenia since 25 years. According to patient she had a happy married life in London, her husband died and she was brought to Pakistan due to her abnormal behavior and her son was also separated from her. Medical file reveals that after her husbands death she had behavioral changes for which she was consulted to psychiatrist and diagnosed with schizophrenia. She was forcefully brought to Karwan-e-Hayat 3 years back due to violent behavior. Since then she is there, presently she is experiencing social isolation as she stayed in her room most of the time, refuses to participate is day care activities and verbalizes that I like to be alone, dont want to meet anyone I have nobody to share my feelings, people here cant help me, everybody think I am mad. I observed her hesitation with people around her weather they are patients, staff or doctors. However one typical observation was that when I forced her to participate in activity she ref uses twice but third time she participated by silently doing the task and went quietly. I noticed that she was facing difficulty in understanding but she didnt ask for any clarification and continued. Reflecting upon the scenario I was motivated to work on something that can help to manage her social isolation. Reviewing through literature I came across concept of social inclusion of patient via social skills training in patient with Schizophrenia. As we know that human is social animal and social interactions are crucial for regulating a successful functioning in the society. According to Mental Health Coordinating Council, MHCC (2007) .Social inclusion is about ability to engage in all aspects of a society that genuinely includes people living with mental illness that supports, intervenes without stigmatization. Further Ware, N.C et.al. (2008) Define it a process through which individuals with psychiatric disabilities develop an increasingly exercise capacities for interpersonal connectedness and citizenship. Social inclusion is essential in schizophrenia as due to cognitive deficits individual social and vocational abilities and hinders routine functionality of a person and make person uncomfortable in social situation. (Dickinson, D.et al.2007). To promote social inclusion in patient I choose social skills training (SST) as it is utilized as a tool to engage patient in routine life and feel as a part of society. SST consists of learning activities utilizing behavioral techniques that enable persons with schizophrenia and other disabling mental disorders to acquire interpersonal and independent living skills for improved functioning in their communities. (Kopelowicz, A. et al, 2006). Reason for selecting it for my patient is that her cognitive deficits have lead to social isolation that makes her uncomfortable in social situations. I have observed her uncomfort while talking with others, hesitating in marinating eye contact and also unable to share her emotions so SST will sever as a basic step in promoting socialization and also help her to feel confident. In Pakistan vast numbers of people are suffering from mild to moderate psychiatric illnesses and an estimated number of mentally disturbed people in Pakistan are even higher (Punjab Institute of Mental Health, PIMH 2009). Only few researches have been conducted on this issue due to low research priority, negative perception about mental illness and low priority of mental health training in the country. One of the study done on psychologists experience of cognitive behavior therapy in Pakistan suggests that despite significant number of psychologists in Pakistan yet psychological interventions play only a minor role in treatment plans in Pakistan. In addition psychotherapies need adjustments for use in Pakistan; they shared four major issues that are hurdles in therapy, its related issues, involvement of the family and modification in therapy service and resource issues. (Naeem et al.2010).However Department of Health Promotion Punjab(2009) is primarily concern to initiate appropriate mental health promotion strategies. They have developed manual to be used for the capacity building of health care providers thus bridging a gap between health care delivery system. They have integrated provision of supportive environment and development of personal skills in component of mental health promotion. They have also planned to facilitate social settings which enhance social network for mentally ill patients. Furthermore their approach towards mental health promotion represents social inclusion, participation, strengthening individuals, communities society to increase social support for sufferers. One of their goals is to encourage people with mental disorders to participate in normal life with their families and friends once treated and stable ,they also provide specialized training to doctors in the field of psychiatry especially for counseling and rehabilitation techniques as this is a weak element in our context .(PIMH 2009).Fortunately it seems that Pakistan has in itiated a step towards mental health promotion which is an achievement and its our responsibility to take this step ahead toward accomplishing goals. Social inclusion is necessary for mental health promotion and for the recovery from mental illness. A social connection is the key for including person in society which includes engaging person with its environment. In relation to my patient as she is an elderly woman, along with her disease process there are other factors that have contributed to social isolation for example: her early widowhood, separation from son due to her psychiatric illness, suspiciousness towards her family members all has lost her social role in her family. (CITRA 2007).Many studies have concluded that social inclusion in older people serve as a protective factor to overcome social isolation. These factors are defined as connection with friends, family members; neighbors children and community (Warburton.J, Lui.C.W.2007). Research done on preventing social isolation among older people suggests that and social activity and group interventions can alleviate social isolation among older people. Researchers agre e that a meaningful social network is a strong support against social isolation in later life. (Cattan.M, et al,2005).For my patient family support is difficult to establish as her son is abroad and she is suspicious to others due to her disease process, presently her community participation can be enhanced for her social inclusion. Here comes the role of SST, In my patient learning social skills will help her to achieve her own personal goals and enhance her communication of feelings and needs and improve the quality her relationships with others which she think is not good. An effective SST program is based on certain principles that include guidance, demonstration, practice and feedback. The amount of time needed to complete a SST program depends on patients performance (Stuart,G.W. 2009).Recent advance in SST by A. Kopelowicz et al. (2006) highlighted that in over 2000 patients with schizophrenia, there was a considerable association between characteristic that reflected social competence, good psychosocial functioning and having confidants as well as subjective reports of high levels of life satisfaction. Moreover research by Dickinson, D.et al. (2007) supports that competent use of social skills by people with schizophrenia is extensively related to actual role functioning in the community. In fact patient s with good social skills, as measured by the MASC (Maryland Assessment of Social Competence.), were more likely than others to have been competitively in employment. Which means that patients can prove themselves if they are well treated on time. According to A. Kopelowicz et al.(2006) The components of the SST procedure are derived from basic principles of human learning, I incorporated social learning theory(Bandura,1989) in relation to my patient scenario, as according to social learning theorist internal cognitive processes influence behavior ,as well as observation of the behaviors of others and the environment in which behavior occur Similarly it outlines three requirements for people to learn behavior include retention, reproduction and motivation to adopt the behavior. All these interactions help person to modify their behavior. (Smith, E. E, et al,2003).Considering my patient, this learning model will help her in learning and modifying her behavior in front of others and m ake her feel comfortable and confident to react in a particular situation. Ultimately this will boost her interaction with others comfortably and her antisocial behavior will be changed. Strategies to promote social inclusion via SST are multidimensional. It varies from individual to group, community and institutional level. At individual level interventions focuses pertinent needs of an individual, successful individual interventions progress to group therapy. At community level, psychological needs of the person should be recognized in adopting social skills by engaging family and creating supportive environment for patient in surroundings. According to A. Kopelowicz et al. (2006) the community-based interactions help them adjust their behaviors to their unique environments and practice and implement the skills that they have tailored. At government or institutional level, awareness session should be held for the provision of knowledge to people and should train personnel, to implement SST as a health promoting practice, for psychiatric patient to promote social inclusion and participation by them, in this way mental illness will not be stigmatized and together we can help theses patient. (MHCC 2007). I have incorporated Learning-Based Procedures Used in Social Skills Training (A. Kopelowicz et al.2006) within the nursing process which involve interventions from all levels. It focuses on needs identification, which was done thorough assessing patient by taking history, doing mental status examination followed by building trust relationship. Specific to socialization I asked patient to share her expectation from self and what changes would she like to make in her routine life? In which she highlighted that I want to be accepted by people. Then setting goals with specification of the social behavior was done by involving patient where patient would be able to participate in social gatherings on her willingness. It was accomplished to certain extend due to her short attention span. Planning was followed by interventions that includes helping her in promoting relationships wherever she can, taught her to begin and maintain conversation; by motivating her in initiating , help her to have voluntary interactions with others especially with her roommate and neighboring people by involving her in activity with others and take part in group. For this behavioral rehearsal approach was taken in which patient demonstrated skills that are needed for quality social interaction. In addition ongoing corrective feedback was given to modify the behavior like she was encouraged to sit throughout the session with other patients. Social modeling was done by observing behavior during OT activities and accordingly modified with the patient. Additionally positive reinforcement was given on improved social behaviors. Implementation process was integrated with social learning theory by considering patient ability to retain and focus on her attention span. I intervene gradually by monitoring patient ability to grab things, and by reinforcing positive behavior of patient. Reproducibility was assured and motivation was given on and off. Moreover, I first time saw patient laughing and involved with others during OT activity and her expression of I am enjoying this activity made me glad. Evaluation was based on asking question regarding her feelings of modified behaviors, Observed her ease in OT activities, able to express herself and less hesitated and maintain eye contact while talking.(A. Kopelowicz et al.2006) I always had a negative feeling towards mentally ill patient, while working with my patient I felt blessed because I was able to see her suffering. It was my prejudice that every person is capable to interact with others in the world with social skills and able to communicate in society .I had this understanding that mentally ill patient usually like to be socially isolated because they have their own world and will not be able to adjust themselves but now I understand that there are so many reasons to it. In fact before reading about SST I didnt know that it has profound benefit in promotion of mental health. This writing helped me to correct my attitude towards mental illness and enrich me with knowledge and importance of social inclusion in patients life. To summarize socialization is a lifetime process and it has great value in every aspects of life. Promoting social inclusion by helping patient to learn social skills will offer support, built confidence , enhance self-esteem in patients which eventually improve the quality of life, promote recovery and leads to successful functioning of individuals in society. As concluded by MHCC (2007) the social inclusion approach offers a valuable frame work to view both the individual and collective responsibility for good mental health. References: Cattan.M, White.M, Bond.J Learmouth.A (2005). Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing Society 25 pp 41-67. Cambridge University Press Cornell Institute for Translational Research on Aging (CITRA). (2007) Social Isolation: Strategies for Connecting and Engaging Older People. Dickinson.D,Bellack.A.S Gold,J.M.(2007).Social/Communication Skills, Cognition, and Vocational Functioning in Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia Bulletin 33( 5). Kopelowicz, A; Liberman,R. P; Zarate, R. (2006). Recent Advances in Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(1), S12-S23. Merton,R Bateman,J, (2007). Social Inclusion: Its Importance to mental health. Mental Health Coordinating Council (MHCC). Naeem,F; Gobbi,M; Ayub,M; Kingdon,D.(2010).Psychologists experience of cognitive behavior therapy in a developing country: a qualitative study from Pakistan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems.4 (2) Norma C. Ware,N.C;Hopper,K; Tugenberg,T;Dickey,B; Fisher,D. (2008).A Theory of Social Integration as Quality of Life. Psychiatric Services (59) pp 27-33 Rana, N.A. (2009).Mental Health in Primary Care. Punjab Institute of Mental Health. (PIMH). Smith, E. E; Hoeksema, S.N; Fredrickson. B; Loftus,G.R. (2003).Atkinson Hilgards Introduction to Psychology (14th ed.).Thomson:Wadsworth. Stuart,G.W.(2009).Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing(9thed.).St.Louis:Mosby. Warburton.J, Lui.C.W.(2007).Social isolation and loneliness in older people: A literature review. Australasian Centre on Ageing

The idea of facades across a range of texts Essay -- essays research p

The poem ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’ by James Baxter, the film ‘American Beauty’ (directed by Sam Mendes and released in 1999), and the play ‘An Inspector Calls’ written by J.B. Priestley and performed at Circa Theatre in 2005, are all texts that share a similar theme. Although these three texts are different in terms of authorship and the medium through which the significant messages are communicated, what the texts do have in common is that they all convey ideas about how facades and superficial images of family life only lead to soullessness and domestic disorder. The unique approach that each text takes to this issue heightens the impact of the texts in every case, and allows the discussion of facades to become more pertinent in a time when domestic problems still mar our society. Baxter’s poem, ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’, satirises the concept of facades and fake family life by ironically using religious imagery, and by utilising figurative language and clever diction to develop a rounded depiction of the sad characters at the heart of the poem. The poem discusses firstly the trellises that line Calvary Street (an image which conventionally would symbolise happy domestic life), and mentions the flowers that bloom â€Å"as bright as blood†. In addition to being an insidious suggestion that there is violence beneath the veneer of this seemingly respectable society, this phrase also alludes to the crucifixion of Christ. This is confirmed by the line that later describes the house as â€Å"an empty tomb†. This evocative metaphor hints that the house is a place of depression and emotional soullessness, and again links this home to the story of Christ; however, Baxter is comparing this house to Christ’s story only ironic ally. Through the use of religious language, Baxter is able to sardonically indicate that the values of forgiveness and compassion so often connected to The Bible and religion are nowhere to be found in this unhappy home. To emphasise that religion plays no role in this distorted version of family life, Baxter intersperses the religious language with mundane descriptions (for instance, he writes, â€Å"the afternoon goes, goes by, while angels harp above a cloud †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) to show that spirituality – and indeed, all ideas of ethics and morality – are forsaken in this barren location. Baxter tells in the poem of how â€Å"two old souls go slowly mad†, and const... ...ley play ‘An Inspector Calls’ all scrutinise the nature of domestic life, and the facades that are developed to hide the true problems of our society. ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’ looks at the manner in which individuality and excitement are suppressed by the maintenance of such a faà §ade, and emphasises that domestic relationships are devoid of any spirituality or ethical framework. ‘American Beauty’ focuses on the advantages of breaking free from the constraints of the faà §ade, and emphasises the freedom and openness that can be achieved once the duties of the faà §ade are forgone. ‘An Inspector Calls’ analyses the way a faà §ade can crumble when there is pressure and confusion to reveal people who are not as respectable as they seem. The issue of facades is very relevant to our society, at a time when, in New Zealand at least, domestic abuse and divorce are still pernicious problems. The issue is often explored across a range of texts and could even be argued to be a clichà © in current times. However, the uncompromising and honest manner in which these texts address the issue makes the concept of facades so intriguing and fresh, and causes these texts to gain added power and impact.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay - Euthanasia Should Not be Legalized

Euthanasia Should Not be Legalized      Ã‚   "It is conceivable, that life can deteriorate to the point where persons lose their dignity and self-respect and are unable to communicate; life in such a form no longer meets meets the basic criteria of human- ness."   (O'Keefe, A1)   Under these circumstances only should Euthanasia be practiced and then only passively ("pulling the plug").   "Dutch Death", Euthanasia, doctor assisted suicide, whatever you want to call it, it should not be legalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People should live their lives for as long as long as it is worth living.   As long as someone can still have experiences and communicate with others, they should go on living. Someone may have six months to live and decides to end their life rematurely, saying that they are going to die anyway, why bother with waiting.   It is the same with anyone. Everyone will eventually die, so why doesn't every one just kill themselves now?   It is because there are things they want to do and see, there is life they still have yet to experience.   The same thing is true for a terminably ill person, they could do alot in that six months. They write an autobiography or a novel, do a lot of reading or traveling, who knows?   It has been said that trials and pain make us stronger.   Even if someone is in pain, that pain could make them mentally stronger than if they give up and take the easy way out.   Life is pain, everyone goes through pain in their lives, but most stick it out to the end, not giving up taking the easy way out.   As long as a person still is able to know what is happening around them and can interact with the world around them it should be... ...hey deemed fit for death.   Then perhaps we would become like a dog or cat and instead of bothering to heal us we would just be put down.   Who knows where it would end.   These examples are pretty radical, but once we take that first step there is no telling where it will end.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes change is needed in society, sometimes things must change to fit societies needs.   Some things, however, can never change;   it will always be wrong to steal, it will always be wrong to kill, and it will allways be wrong to kill someone. Works cited Henry, Sarah. "The Battle Over Assisted Suicide:   A Time to Die" California Lawyer, January, 1996 O'Keefe, Mark.   "Doctor Assisted Suicide:   Dutch Death" The Oregonian, January 8, 1995.   ppA1+ Shavelson, Lonny.   A Chosen Death;   The Dying confront Assisted Suicide, January, 1994

Letter of rejection

Your letter has been received on February 22 and we know your concern about the repeated card swipes happened on January 25. Please allow me to explain that the transaction reference number, 144022-22839837109, changes daily so that multiple purchases made on the same day often carry the same number. More Importantly, although the transaction reference numbers are the same, the debits are for different amounts: $268. 00; $219. 60; $116. 20. Therefore, these transactions were not a result of repeated card swipes.Besides, policy of HASH requires that customers having problems on the statements to write a claim letter to the ATM Error Department and enclose the receipts within 10 to 20 business days. So we kindly remind you that your request has already exceeded the time limit and no receipts are enclosed. Another thing we want to mention Is that we contacted manager of Cluster, Mr.. William Wong, to ask for more detailed Information. He told us there Is no problem with the equipment.An d Mr.. Wong also mentioned that food shoppers commonly returned at different times during the day to make additional purchase they forgot the first. Based on all the reasons we have mentioned above, we cannot approve your request for adjustment. Thank you for your understanding. We welcome you to vials our website http://YMMV. Hash. Com. Hawk/l/2/home to know more details about the other Nanking services and we anticipate serving your needs In the future.Yours sincerely, ATM Error Resolution Department letter of rejection By Legislating purchases made on the same day often carry the same number. More importantly, Another thing we want to mention is that we contacted manager of Cityscape, Mr.. William Wong, to ask for more detailed information. He told us there is no problem for adjustment. Thank you for your understanding. We welcome you to visit our website http://www. Hash. Com. Hawk/l/2/home to know more details about the other banking services and we anticipate serving your need s in the future.

Organizational Diagnosis

Organizational Diagnosis Are companies at the competitive edge problem free? Do any organizations work flawlessly? Not in the real world. How do the winners overcome their problems? What distinguishes them from other companies? How do they survive while others flounder or fall? Like other organizations, winning companies often reach for easy-answers and quick fixes. But if these short-cut responses miss their mark, winners keep searching for solid solutions. They delve more deeply into the situation, ultimately uncovering the root cause. Top performers distinguish themselves by the way they tackle organizational problems by using organizational diagnosis to make positive changes for the future of their business (Long Term Success through Deep Organizational Diagnosis, 2007). Data collection: The purpose of a diagnosis is to identify problems facing the organization and to determine their causes so that management can plan solutions. The first step in diagnosing an organization is to determine what/where the problem is by using data collection. It is very important to acknowledge that there is a problem and it needs solving more on a long term basis in order to keep the future of the organization prospering. The collection of data should begin in areas in which management believes the problems exist. After the data is collected, leaders can more easily identify where the issues lie and begin to resolve them (Beer and Spector, 1993). Data collection can be done by doing a systematic analysis where McKinsey’s 7-S framework can be applied. The change agent at this point strategically analyzes and formulates diagnosis questions. The elements of the strategy are as follows with examples of typical questions that decision makers will need to answer in their quest for change (Business Diagnostic Questions – â€Å"Seven S† Model Framework, 2007). Strategy: the plan devised to maintain and build competitive advantage over the competition. †¢What are the main strategies in moving this organization to being more successful? †¢What are the key short-term goals to achieve these strategies? Structure: the way the organization is structured and who reports to whom. †¢Describe the roles of the main departments. What kinds of role/turf issues occur between departments? †¢What kinds of communications issues occur between departments? †¢What key things are done in the organization to help integrate various functions and departments that are interdependent? †¢How does the structure help/hinder this organization in accomplishing its strategy? What is being done about this now? Syst ems: the daily activities and procedures that staff members engage in to get the job done. †¢What are the 5 most important system problems that if solved or improved would significantly improve profitability or organizational effectiveness? Why? What are you doing about these issues now? Style: the style of leadership adopted. †¢How are important decisions made in this organization? †¢How does top management communicate with key staff? How does it communicate with the labor force? †¢What are the key expectations for how your key people and labor force should behave? †¢How would you describe the organization's style of management? How would others differ in their assessment of that style? Skills: the actual skills and competencies of the employees working for the company. †¢What key knowledge and skills are needed to succeed in this business/organization? Why? How is that expected to change over time? †¢How would you assess the organization's curren t strengths and weaknesses against the needed knowledge and skills? †¢What challenges does the organization face in strengthening or maintaining this match between knowledge and skills needed now and in the future? †¢What is the organization doing about these issues now? Staff: the employees and their general capabilities †¢Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the organization's key people. †¢Describe their most important roles in the organization. †¢Who of these are most important to the success of the business/organization? Why? †¢What are you most concerned about regarding the quality of the key staff? Why? †¢Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the organization's labor force. †¢What are you most concerned about regarding the quality of the organization's labor force? †¢What is being done about this now? Shared Values: called â€Å"superordinate goals† when the model was first developed, these are the core values of the company that are evidenced in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. †¢If the business/organization were operating almost perfectly, describe the key things that would be happening? If I were invisible and walked through the organization, what would I see that contributed to this success? †¢If I were invisible and could sit in on a number of conversations between the top 10 people and their staff, what themes would I hear? †¢If this organization were wildly successful, where would it be in 10 years? †¢If you were thinking of selling this successful business/organization, how would you want to be able to describe it to prospective buyers? †¢How would you describe the mission of this company to your prospective buyers Organization’s readiness for change: Once management admits that there are problems that need to be resolved, and then comes the question of whether the organization is ready to change. Organizational readiness is a state of preparedness which includes the psychological and behavioral aspects for change. This requires having the necessary knowledge, skills, resources, and support. An organization’s readiness for change will determine its ability to attend to environmental signals for change as well as its willingness to listen to internal voices saying that change is needed (Cawsey, Deszca p. 101). It is important for senior management to address the likelihood of change and communicate it effectively with the rest of the organization. Employees are more apt to support change if they are ready to make changes. This means they believe in the changes, have the time and energy to invest in the changes, and the organization is ready to support the changes. More important, the greater the complexity of the implementation task, the great the importance or organizational readiness for change. Creating awareness for change: Change leaders can create awareness of the need for change in several ways. The first method involves making the organization aware that it is in or near a crisis or creating a crisis that needs to be solved (Cawsey, Deszca p. 104). Most people will welcome the change more easily if they know that their future is in jeopardy if they don’t accept the change. A second approach to enhancing the need for change is by identifying a transformational vision. Transformational visions tap into our needs to go beyond ourselves, to make a contribution, to do something worthwhile and meaningful, and to serve a greater good (Cawsey, Deszca p. 105). This type of awareness mechanism has the potential to gain positive feedback and negative feedback. People who support it are those individuals who are interested in making things better than they are. The people who oppose it simply don’t find it realistic and believe the change agent is proposing the change for their own benefit. A third approach to the enhancement of the need for change is through transformational leadership. This type of change makes the most sense to people because it is the leaders of the organization who makes all the decisions. If something is not going well, the leaders are the first to blame. It is important to note that when using any of the three approaches, the change agent needs to be well prepared when entering any type of discussion dialogue about the change. The people in the organization need to trust the change agent and believe in the proposed change therefore, the change agent should have all the right skills to get their point across to the people involved. Vision for change: When the organization is ready to make a change, it is very important for the change agent to provide a clear and detailed vision of the change. Vision is about action. Vision can empower both leaders and followers to implement change (Vision and the Management of Change, 2008). Change leaders use change visions to create and advance the mental picture they have of the future and to provide directional guidance for others that they need to enlist in the enterprise (Cawsey, Deszca p. 110). Vision can provide both a corporate sense of being and a sense of enduring purpose. Without a sensible vision, change efforts can dissolve into a list of confusing projects that take the organization in the wrong direction. It is important that the vision be easy to communicate. Once an effective change vision is in place, the change agent can begin to expand discussions to a broader audience or organizational members, paying careful attention to their reactions, suggestions, and alternatives (Vision and the Management of Change, 2008). It is also vital for the change agent to be aware that some people in the organization will understand the vision and want to help transform the organization, but they can’t. The change agent must remove blocks to change, call for new behaviors consistent with the vision, and most importantly, visibly reward the new behaviors (Vision and the Management of Change, 2008). Approval for change: Once the vision for change is in place, the change agent needs to find the best way of winning the approval for the change project. When outlining all the elements of the change project, the change agent needs to pay careful attention to managing scope. Allowing the project’s scope to change mid-course usually means added costs, greater risks and longer duration. Many projects fail due to poor scope management (Scope and Change Control, 2005). A successful change agent understands that rigorous scope control is essential to deliver projects on time and on budget. The scope of the project should be clearly defined both in terms of its deliverables and in terms of how it will operate. This scope definition will form the baseline against which potential changes are assessed and against which the project’s performance is measured. In the definition, the change agent should also include factors that could lead to scope change. If possible risks exist; they should be identified in the definition because this will make the decision-makers more likely to allow changes if it became necessary and it will save costs in the long run (Scope and Change Control, 2005). Feedback: The final step for the change agent is to be open to continuous feedback. Change does not come easily to everyone in the organization. The change agent needs to be aware of all the criticism and concerns of the people involved in the change in order to keep people motivated and keep the business running in a positive matter. Employee involvement is a necessary and integral part of managing change. Managing change is not a one way street. Feedback from employees is a key element of the change management process. Analysis and corrective action based on this feedback provides a robust cycle for implementing change (Change Management, 2006). Feedback also allows the change agent to stand back from the entire program, evaluate successes and failures, and identify process changes for the next project. Conclusion: An organizational diagnosis can be a valuable and revealing process, if properly approached, and if an organization is willing to take full advantage of it. Ultimately, what you’re trying to accomplish with an organizational diagnosis is a performance check on each of all the moving pieces (Grossman, 2009). During this check, for instance, you will want to examine those pieces that serve to help create the culture of the business and help drive things forward. Therefore, the key thing with organizational diagnosis is to help utilize a change effort that will benefit the health of the company as a whole and help it maintain its competitive advantage. The overall goal of an organizational diagnosis is to apply what should be happening within the organization, so that the effect is improved business performance overall. References: Beer, M. & Spector, B. (1993, July/August). Organizational diagnosis: its role in organizational learning. Journal of Counseling and Development. 71(6) 642-650. Retrieved from the City University Student Website. Cawsey, T. , & Deszca, G. (2007). Toolkit for organizational change. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Grossman, David. (2009). The Genesis of an Organizational Diagnosis: It’s All about Improving Performance. Retrieved on February 20, 2010 from: http://www. hrtools. com/insights/david_grossman/the_genesis_of_an_organizational_diagnosis_its_all_about_imp roving_performance. aspx Business Diagnostic Questions. (2007). Seven S Model Framwork. Retrieved on February 20, 2010 from: http://www. change-management. net/7smodel. htm Change management – The systems and tools for managing change. 2006). Retrieved on February 20,2010 from: http://www. change-management. com/tutorial-change-process-detailed. htm Long Term Success through Deep Organizational Diagnosis (2007). Retrieved on February 20, 2010 from: http://www. hrconsultant. com/aw/aw_ter_long_term_success. html#top Scope & Change Control (2005). Retrieved on February 18, 2010 from: http://www. epmbook. com/scope. h tm Vision and the Management of Change. (2008). Retrieved on February 18, 2010 from: http://www. au. af. mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch19. html Organizational Diagnosis Organizational diagnosis is the process of analyzing a company, recognizing what problems the company may have, what strengths the company exhibits, the employees receptiveness to change and how to restructure and implement change to correct any problems. This is done to keep the company from losing money, possibly going under and also to keep the company competitive in a highly competitive marketplace. The process of an organizational diagnosis is generally performed in a few stages. First, the parent company employees a group of external consultants and researchers to visit the company.The researchers will usually begin their work with a reconnaissance stage. The consultants will spend some time at the organization getting to know the workers and gaining an initial impression of the company and how it operates. This is done by simply spending time talking with employees, observing day to day behavior and speaking with management. Following the initial research, the consultants will meet with the organizational clients to develop a written plan of expectations and goals that the organization is wishing to achieve.Generally, companies will hire the consulting firms because they have a problem or series of problems that they need to correct and are unsure of the best way to implement the change successfully. Consultants are a group of skilled workers that are highly educated in management, human psychology, sociology and organizational behavior. Sometimes it is best to hire a non- biased group of consultants that can observe the company from an external perspective in order to find the best course of action to resolve the problems at hand.Once the client and consultants have agreed upon a plan of action, the consultants will begin a more in-depth research stage. During this time, consultants will meet with important members of the organization to examine their feelings on change and their perspectives on the consulting project, as well as the proposed change. Co nsultants may also unobtrusively observe day-to-day tasks among workers and evaluate their communication skills, as well as their interactions.This will help the researchers develop an understanding of the companies interpersonal and power relations. The conducting of surveys and questionnaires is also a means of gathering information from workers on their stances and viewpoints of the corporation and their thoughts on purposing a change. Researchers will begin a thorough examination of important documents pertaining to the company. These documents can help researchers analyze the organizations strengths and weaknesses, as well as goals and company history.During the examination and researching process, consultants will quickly learn how important members of the organization are willing to accept and enforce a change. If members of the organization are unwilling to enforce and follow through with change, the consultants will need to restructure their goals and means of achieving the se. This prevents setting goals that are unattainable. If an organization is going to resist change, there is no need to spend the time to develop a plan to correct problems.This realization of the companies inability to accept and implement change will result in a separate set of issues that will need to be corrected. Generally, these types of resistance to change are going to be resolved by a change in personnel and the working staff. This process is designed to prevent setting a plan of attack that will fail, causing the organization to become frustrated when the change is not working, thus setting them further into a hole that they need to dig their way out of.Once the consultants have spent an adequate amount of time learning about the company and brainstorming ways to successfully implement change, they will develop specific methods of change implementation designed specifically for this particular organization’s culture. These can include specialized training programs, team building projects, job task re-designation, supervisory structure change, changing reward systems and goal achievement programs; just to name a few.Upon meeting with the company to present their final planned list of changes, as well as the implementation plans, the consultants will observe the company for a few weeks as they begin the process of correcting their issues. The consultants will be on hand to answer any questions that the company may have, as well as assist in solving any problems or roadblocks that the clients may run into. During this time, the researchers are basically a technical support hotline for the customer. They will be on site to help in any way possible.After a short trial period of change implementation, the customer and the consultants will form a meeting to analyze the effectiveness of the changes that are being carried out. This is a time that is used to fine-tune any processes or bring new ideas to the table to further improve on the companies ref ormation campaign. Following a predetermined length of time, as well as confidentiality in the companies ability to further carry out the scope of the change campaign, the consultants will vacate the premises. The consultants are available to call and discuss problems and/or ideas to continually improve upon the preconceived plan.In the months and years following the campaign, the company will further evaluate the effectiveness of the changes that were put in place. The company will either decide that the change process was a success, or they will decide that it needs further work. At this time, it may be in the companies best interest to hire a different consultation firm in order to correct the companies problems. It may be possible that the company will come to realize that there are other problems at play in the corporation that need to be analyzed and corrected.All of the sources that I have examined and researched, tend to follow the same ideals when it comes to organizational diagnosis and cultural evaluation. A few sources will change the names of the stages, but in effect, they are the exact same processes. Organizational diagnosis is a lot like troubleshooting a problem with any mechanical system. One must recognize the problem, find the source/s of the problem and develop a plan to correct or repair the problem. Unfortunately, when you are dealing with people, instead of mechanical objects, there are a lot more variables as well as unforeseeable pitfalls.In order to combat the instability of a dynamic corporation, executives, managers and even hourly employees must remain dynamic and receptive to a continually changing atmosphere. A company that tends to stay closed-minded and unreceptive to improvement is generally a short-lived company that will quickly be outdone by a continually changing marketplace. The global marketplace is a highly dynamic and competitive arena. In order for one to stay on top, you must be willing to continually one-up your c ompetitors. Organizational Diagnosis Organizational diagnosis is the process of analyzing a company, recognizing what problems the company may have, what strengths the company exhibits, the employees receptiveness to change and how to restructure and implement change to correct any problems. This is done to keep the company from losing money, possibly going under and also to keep the company competitive in a highly competitive marketplace. The process of an organizational diagnosis is generally performed in a few stages. First, the parent company employees a group of external consultants and researchers to visit the company.The researchers will usually begin their work with a reconnaissance stage. The consultants will spend some time at the organization getting to know the workers and gaining an initial impression of the company and how it operates. This is done by simply spending time talking with employees, observing day to day behavior and speaking with management. Following the initial research, the consultants will meet with the organizational clients to develop a written plan of expectations and goals that the organization is wishing to achieve.Generally, companies will hire the consulting firms because they have a problem or series of problems that they need to correct and are unsure of the best way to implement the change successfully. Consultants are a group of skilled workers that are highly educated in management, human psychology, sociology and organizational behavior. Sometimes it is best to hire a non- biased group of consultants that can observe the company from an external perspective in order to find the best course of action to resolve the problems at hand.Once the client and consultants have agreed upon a plan of action, the consultants will begin a more in-depth research stage. During this time, consultants will meet with important members of the organization to examine their feelings on change and their perspectives on the consulting project, as well as the proposed change. Co nsultants may also unobtrusively observe day-to-day tasks among workers and evaluate their communication skills, as well as their interactions.This will help the researchers develop an understanding of the companies interpersonal and power relations. The conducting of surveys and questionnaires is also a means of gathering information from workers on their stances and viewpoints of the corporation and their thoughts on purposing a change. Researchers will begin a thorough examination of important documents pertaining to the company. These documents can help researchers analyze the organizations strengths and weaknesses, as well as goals and company history.During the examination and researching process, consultants will quickly learn how important members of the organization are willing to accept and enforce a change. If members of the organization are unwilling to enforce and follow through with change, the consultants will need to restructure their goals and means of achieving the se. This prevents setting goals that are unattainable. If an organization is going to resist change, there is no need to spend the time to develop a plan to correct problems.This realization of the companies inability to accept and implement change will result in a separate set of issues that will need to be corrected. Generally, these types of resistance to change are going to be resolved by a change in personnel and the working staff. This process is designed to prevent setting a plan of attack that will fail, causing the organization to become frustrated when the change is not working, thus setting them further into a hole that they need to dig their way out of.Once the consultants have spent an adequate amount of time learning about the company and brainstorming ways to successfully implement change, they will develop specific methods of change implementation designed specifically for this particular organization’s culture. These can include specialized training programs, team building projects, job task re-designation, supervisory structure change, changing reward systems and goal achievement programs; just to name a few.Upon meeting with the company to present their final planned list of changes, as well as the implementation plans, the consultants will observe the company for a few weeks as they begin the process of correcting their issues. The consultants will be on hand to answer any questions that the company may have, as well as assist in solving any problems or roadblocks that the clients may run into. During this time, the researchers are basically a technical support hotline for the customer. They will be on site to help in any way possible.After a short trial period of change implementation, the customer and the consultants will form a meeting to analyze the effectiveness of the changes that are being carried out. This is a time that is used to fine-tune any processes or bring new ideas to the table to further improve on the companies ref ormation campaign. Following a predetermined length of time, as well as confidentiality in the companies ability to further carry out the scope of the change campaign, the consultants will vacate the premises. The consultants are available to call and discuss problems and/or ideas to continually improve upon the preconceived plan.In the months and years following the campaign, the company will further evaluate the effectiveness of the changes that were put in place. The company will either decide that the change process was a success, or they will decide that it needs further work. At this time, it may be in the companies best interest to hire a different consultation firm in order to correct the companies problems. It may be possible that the company will come to realize that there are other problems at play in the corporation that need to be analyzed and corrected.All of the sources that I have examined and researched, tend to follow the same ideals when it comes to organizational diagnosis and cultural evaluation. A few sources will change the names of the stages, but in effect, they are the exact same processes. Organizational diagnosis is a lot like troubleshooting a problem with any mechanical system. One must recognize the problem, find the source/s of the problem and develop a plan to correct or repair the problem. Unfortunately, when you are dealing with people, instead of mechanical objects, there are a lot more variables as well as unforeseeable pitfalls.In order to combat the instability of a dynamic corporation, executives, managers and even hourly employees must remain dynamic and receptive to a continually changing atmosphere. A company that tends to stay closed-minded and unreceptive to improvement is generally a short-lived company that will quickly be outdone by a continually changing marketplace. The global marketplace is a highly dynamic and competitive arena. In order for one to stay on top, you must be willing to continually one-up your c ompetitors.